Table 3 Logistic regression results of gross and out-of-pocket medical expenditure

Household size

1.258 ***

1.190***

Household income (baseline: <135K)

B: between 135K and 225K

0.649

0.617*

C: between 225K and 450K

0.354

0.317***

D: between 450K and 675K

0.406**

0.403 ***

E: over 675K

1.501 ***

1.249 ***

Presence of chronic disease

1.253

1.296

Presence of inpatient treatment

3.611***

3.651***

Public insurance coverage

0.760

2.170

Private insurance coverage

1.602

7.381 **

Regions(Offshore islands as baseline)

Northern area

0.665

0.706

Central area

0.511 *

0.551

Southern area

0.751

0.806

Eastern area

0.997

1.069