Association between unemployment rates and prescription drug utilization in the United States, 2007–2010

Table 2 Estimated association between state-level unemployment and retail dispensed prescription drug utilization for seven therapeutic areas

	Opiates	ACE Inhibitors	Statins	Oral contraceptives	Atypical Antipsychotics	SSRIs and SNRIs	PDE inhibitors
Fixed Effects
Base Utilization Rate (per 100,000)	5162 (4788, 5566)	3992 (3871, 4117)	4356 (4246, 4470)	8261 (8160, 8363)	3326 (3187, 3471)	1382 (624, 3059)	1183 (1168, 1199)
State Mean Unemployment ⁺	1.02 (1.01, 1.03)	0.99 (0.99, 1.00)	0.98 (0.98, 0.99)	0.97 (0.97, 0.97)	0.84 (0.84, 0.84)	1.11 (0.99, 1.23)	1.01 (1.01, 1.01)
Deviation from State Mean Unemployment ⁺	1.02 (1.00, 1.03)	1.01 (0.99, 1.02)	1.04 (1.02, 1.05)	1.01 (1.00, 1.01)	1.01 (1.00, 1.02)	1.01 (0.97, 1.05)	1.03 (1.03, 1.04)
Random Effects
Intercept	0.0752***	0.0584***	0.0590***	0.0577***	0.1483***	0.0709***	0.0918***
Intercept-UnempDev	−0.0002	0.0009*	0.0004	0.0008*	−0.0014	0.0006	−0.0016
UnempDev	0.0002***	0.0001***	0.0003***	0.0001***	0.0002***	0.0001***	0.0005***
BIC	67410	67484	66799	58081	67876	68718	40414

⁺ Values represent incident rate ratios (95% confidence intervals); base utilization rates derived using data from IMS Health Xponent™, 2007–2010 and the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics; models adjusted for covariates depicted in Additional file 1: Appendix Table S2.
BIC = Bayesian Information Criterion, a measure of model fit; UnempDev = Deviation from State Mean Unemployment; ACE = Angiotensin-converting enzyme; SSRI = selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor; SNRI = serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor; PDE = phosphodiesterase.

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