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Table 3 Association between all-cause mortality and location, without and with adjustments for population and practice characteristics

From: Is the health of people living in rural areas different from those in cities? Evidence from routine data linked with the Scottish Health Survey

 

Model 1

Model 2

 

Model 3

Model 4

 

OR*

(99% CI)

P > z

OR

(99% CI)

P > z

OR

(99% CI)

P > z

OR

(99% CI)

P > z

Age and sex

            

Male < 30

ref.

  

ref.

  

ref.

  

ref.

  

Male30_34

1.62

(0.43 6.12)

0.352

1.64

(0.43 6.20)

0.340

2.27

(0.47 11.02)

0.181

1.80

(0.34 9.54)

0.363

Male35_39

1.62

(0.46 5.67)

0.323

1.62

(0.46 5.66)

0.324

2.40

(0.55 10.49)

0.125

2.43

(0.56 10.63)

0.120

Male40_44

3.13

(1.00 9.81)

0.010

3.16

(1.00 9.93)

0.010

4.72

(1.13 19.74)

0.005

4.24

(0.99 18.14)

0.010

Male45_49

4.52

(1.50 13.57)

< 0.001

4.57

(1.52 13.74)

< 0.001

6.63

(1.65 26.61)

< 0.001

5.82

(1.42 23.78)

0.001

Male50_54

12.25

(4.41 33.99)

< 0.001

12.36

(4.44 34.37)

< 0.001

17.80

(4.70 67.35)

< 0.001

16.31

(4.29 61.94)

< 0.001

Male55_59

19.99

(7.54 53.00)

< 0.001

20.28

(7.63 53.87)

< 0.001

27.61

(7.59 100.41)

< 0.001

25.59

(7.04 92.96)

< 0.001

Male60_64

36.14

(13.67 95.57)

< 0.001

36.81

(13.92 97.38)

< 0.001

50.63

(13.77 186.17)

< 0.001

44.62

(12.08 164.77)

< 0.001

Male65_69

54.81

(19.96 150.52)

< 0.001

55.99

(20.34 154.1)

< 0.001

80.85

(21.1 308.8)

< 0.001

77.03

(19.54 303.74)

< 0.001

Male70_74

93.97

(34.90 252.9)

< 0.001

97.80

(36.13 264.7)

< 0.001

138.12

(36.5 521.9)

< 0.001

131.21

(33.64 511.86)

< 0.001

Female < 30

0.43

(0.10 1.85)

0.135

0.42

(0.10 1.84)

0.131

0.56

(0.10 3.25)

0.394

0.37

(0.05 2.71)

0.201

Female30_34

1.55

(0.44 5.51)

0.372

1.54

(0.43 5.47)

0.379

1.87

(0.40 8.81)

0.299

1.87

(0.40 8.80)

0.296

Female35_39

0.89

(0.21 3.74)

0.830

0.89

(0.21 3.76)

0.836

1.29

(0.24 6.96)

0.695

0.85

(0.13 5.56)

0.822

Female40_44

4.29

(1.32 13.98)

0.001

4.34

(1.33 14.17)

0.001

6.10

(1.41 26.40)

0.001

5.20

(1.17 23.03)

0.004

Female45_49

2.85

(0.88 9.16)

0.021

2.89

(0.90 9.32)

0.020

4.02

(0.94 17.26)

0.014

3.43

(0.77 15.37)

0.034

Female50_54

9.31

(3.45 25.15)

< 0.001

9.37

(3.46 25.39)

< 0.001

13.75

(3.65 51.80)

< 0.001

13.50

(3.57 51.09)

< 0.001

Female55_59

14.11

(5.27 37.79)

< 0.001

14.13

(5.27 37.91)

< 0.001

19.26

(5.21 71.17)

< 0.001

18.49

(5.00 68.38)

< 0.001

Female60_64

18.84

(7.14 49.73)

< 0.001

19.00

(7.20 50.14)

< 0.001

25.75

(7.01 94.55)

< 0.001

23.26

(6.32 85.70)

< 0.001

Female65_69

28.75

(10.62 77.79)

< 0.001

29.12

(10.76 78.77)

< 0.001

38.18

(10.2 142.31)

< 0.001

36.36

(9.48 139.44)

< 0.001

Female70_74

47.56

(17.77 127.29)

< 0.001

49.20

(18.39 131.6)

< 0.001

65.80

(17.7 244.67)

< 0.001

61.44

(16.02 235.61)

< 0.001

Location1

            

PC

   

ref.

  

ref.

  

ref.

  

US

   

0.87

(0.68 1.12)

0.152

0.89

(0.70 1.14)

0.238

0.93

(0.71 1.20)

0.443

AST

   

0.78

(0.52 1.18)

0.118

0.78

(0.51 1.19)

0.127

0.84

(0.54 1.30)

0.293

RST

   

0.56

(0.29 1.09)

0.025

0.63

(0.33 1.19)

0.061

0.79

(0.44 1.43)

0.307

VRST

   

0.60

(0.34 1.05)

0.018

0.60

(0.33 1.09)

0.027

0.65

(0.36 1.17)

0.059

AR

   

0.83

(0.58 1.20)

0.201

0.92

(0.64 1.34)

0.584

0.97

(0.66 1.42)

0.814

RR

   

0.51

(0.30 0.87)

0.001

0.59

(0.32 1.06)

0.020

0.58

(0.31 1.07)

0.023

VRR

   

0.45

(0.25 0.81)

< 0.001

0.54

(0.32 0.92)

0.003

0.53

(0.30 0.94)

0.004

Social Class

            

Intermediate

      

ref.

  

ref.

  

Professional

      

0.37

(0.14 0.93)

0.006

0.27

(0.09 0.82)

0.002

Skilled non-manual

      

1.07

(0.76 1.51)

0.607

1.08

(0.75 1.55)

0.591

Skilled manual

      

1.36

(0.97 1.90)

0.020

1.43

(1.00 2.04)

0.009

Partly skilled

      

1.33

(0.93 1.89)

0.039

1.48

(1.02 2.14)

0.007

Unskilled

      

1.39

(0.93 2.08)

0.032

1.45

(0.95 2.22)

0.024

House ownership

            

Owned

      

ref.

  

ref.

  

Publicly rented

      

2.10

(1.64 2.70)

< 0.001

2.09

(1.61 2.71)

< 0.001

Privately rented

      

1.90

(0.99 3.65)

0.011

2.04

(1.05 3.98)

0.006

Others

      

2.88

(1.27 6.53)

0.001

2.99

(1.23 7.24)

0.001

Practice char.

            

WTE GPs per 1000 pop.

         

0.89

(0.44 1.81)

0.670

GPs age (mean)

         

1.00

(0.97 1.02)

0.911

Survey year 1998

         

0.93

(0.71 1.22)

0.492

Log pseudo-likelihood

-2338

  

-2326

  

-2156

  

-1945

  
 

15435

           

Sample size

   

15423

  

14448

  

13019

  

Joint significance of rural

         

X2(7) = 11.5

p = 0.116

 
  1. * OR Odds Ratio, ref. reference group 1 PC Primary Cities, US Urban Settlements, AST Accessible Small Towns, RST Remote Small Towns, VRST Very Remote Small Towns, AR Accessible Rural, RR Remote Rural, VRR Very Remote Rural. 2 p-values calculated using standard errors clustered by practice