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Table 3 Logistic regression models showing the determinants of health care utilization in urban and rural areas in Zambia (2003)

From: Health status and socio-economic factors associated with health facility utilization in rural and urban areas in Zambia

Characteristics

n (1%)

Urban

n (1%)

Rural

  

Unadjusted OR (95%CI)

Adjusted OR (95%CI)

 

Unadjusted OR (95%CI)

Adjusted OR (95%CI)

Age group

      

15-19

323 (23.7)

1

1

197 (18.5)

1

1

20-24

363 (26.6)

1.3 (1.0,1.6)

1.3 (1.0,1.6)

212 (19.9)

1.0 (0.7,1.3)

1.0 (0.6,1.3)

25-29

264 (19.4)

1.9 (1.4,2.4)

1.7 (1.2,2.3)

185 (17.4)

1.0 (0.8,1.4)

1.0 (0.6,1.4)

30-39

289 (21.2)

2.2 (1.7,2.8)

2.0 (1.5,3.0)

281 (26.4)

1.0 (0.8,1.5)

1.0 (0.6,1.4)

40-49

125 (9.2)

1.6 (1.3,2.1)

1.3 (0.8,1.9)

191 (17.9)

1.7 (1.2,2.4)

1.4 (0.9,2.2)

Sex

      

Male

508 (37.2)

1

1

461 (43.2)

1

1

Female

856 (62.8)

1.3 (1.1,1.5)

1.4 (1.1,1.6)

605 (56.8)

1.0 (0.8,1.2)

1.2 (0.8,1.3)

Marital status

      

Single

720 (52.8)

1

1

261 (24.5)

1

1

Married

535 (39.2)

1.5 (1.3,1.8)

1.0 (0.8,1.4)

706 (66.3)

1.0 (0.8,1.2)

1.0 (0.8,1.6)

Divorced/separated/widowed

105 (7.7)

1.7 (1.2,2.3)

1.0 (0.6,1.4)

98 (9.2)

1.7 (1.1,2.6)

1.7 (1.0,2.8)

Educational status

      

0-7

211 (15.5)

1

1

658 (61.7)

1

1

8-9

234 (17.2)

1.1 (0.8,1.4)

1.2 (0.9,1.6)

203 (19.0)

1.9 (1.4,2.5)

1.7 (1.2,2.3)

10+

916 (67.2)

1.4 (1.1,1.7)

1.7 (1.3,2.1)

199 (18.9)

2.1 (1.6,2.8)

1.4 (1.0,2.0)

Wealth index

      

Q1 (poorest)

89 (6.5)

1

1

518 (48.6)

1

1

Q2

221 (16.2)

1.1 (0.8,1.6)

1.0 (0.7, 1.6)

413 (38.8)

1.3 (1.0,1.5)

1.2 (0.9,1.5)

Q3

836 (61.3)

1.3 (0.9,1.8)

1.3 (0.9,1.9)

75 (7.0)

1.8 (1.2,2.8)

1.5 (0.9,2.5)

Q4 (least poor)

218 (16.0)

1.4 (0.9,1.9)

1.5 (1.0, 2.2)

59 (5.5)

4.8 (2.5,9.0)

3.4 (1.6, 7.1)

HIV status

      

Negative

1066 (78.2)

1

1

884 (82.9)

1

1

Positive

298 (21.8)

1.7 (1.4,2.1)

1.1 (0.8,1.4)

182 (17.1)

2.0 (1.5,2.7)

1.3 (1.0,1.9)

Self-rated Health

      

Good/excellent

1086 (79.1)

1

1

769 (72.1)

1

1

Very poor/Poor/fair

273 (20.9)

2.5 (1.9,3.1)

2.0 (1.5,2.6)

290 (27.9)

2.4 (1.9,3.1)

2.0 (1.5,2.7)

Self-reported illness

      

No

525 (38.6)

1

1

200 (18.8)

1

1

Yes

836 (61.4)

3.1 (2.7,3.7)

3.0 (2.2,3.9)

865 (81.1)

4.3 (3.5,5.3)

3.6 (2.9,4.4)

Mental distress

      

No

1137 (83.4)

1

1

900 (84.4)

1

1

Yes

209 (15.3)

1.8 (1.4,2.3)

1.7 (1.4,2.4)

163 (15.3)

1.7 (1.2,2.2)

1.2 (0.9,1.7)

  1. All confidence intervals adjusted for cluster effect.
  2. Associations in bold are statistically significant.
  3. 1% the percentage of respondents who went to any health facility.