| Pneumonia Cases | Non-Pneumonia Controls | Standardized Difference (%) |
---|---|---|---|
Sample Size | 402,831 | 1,203,823 | Not applicable |
Sociodemographics characteristics of patients | |||
Male | 45.6% | 45.9% | 0.58 |
Age in years, mean (sd) | 46.8 (12.2) | 46.5 (12.3) | 2.37 |
Age group (yrs.) | Â | Â | 0.00 |
  18-34 | 17.6% | 17.6% | 0.02 |
  35-44 | 20.8% | 20.9% | 0.02 |
  45-54 | 28.4% | 28.8% | 0.87 |
  55-64 | 33.1% | 32.7% | 0.87 |
Comorbid conditions in patients | Â | Â | 0.00 |
 Charlson-Deyo index, mean (sd) | 0.44 (1.07) | 0.45 (1.02) | 0.74 |
Selected for excess cost analyses | |||
 Asthma | 6.3% | 6.0% | 1.31 |
 Diabetes | 8.1% | 8.6% | 1.65 |
 COPD | 4.1% | 2.7% | 7.23 |
 Congestive heart failure | 1.3% | 1.1% | 1.91 |
Others | |||
 Cardiovascular disease | 22.2% | 23.0% | 1.93 |
 Cancer | 6.0% | 6.2% | 0.98 |
 HIV/AIDS | 0.3% | 0.3% | 0.39 |
 Hepatitis B | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.12 |
 Hepatitis C | 0.4% | 0.2% | 2.30 |
 Orthopedic Surgery | 0.1% | 0.2% | 1.27 |
 Other Musculoskeletal Surgery | 2.2% | 2.3% | 0.98 |
 Pregnancy | 0.8% | 1.0% | 1.40 |
Patient's follow-up in days, mean (sd) | 318.2 (97.6) | 318.4 (100.1) | 0.20 |
Insurance plan type | |||
 Preferred Provider Organization (PPO) | 55.0% | 56.3% | 2.50 |
 Health Maintenance Organization (HMO) | 20.2% | 19.9% | 0.80 |
 Point of Service (POS) | 10.4% | 10.4% | 0.16 |
 Comprehensive | 8.7% | 6.8% | 7.27 |
 Other | 5.6% | 6.6% | 4.07 |
Plan Type | Â | Â | Â |
 Capitated | 21.7% | 21.7% | 0.13 |
Geographic region | |||
 Northeast | 10.6% | 10.7% | 0.43 |
 North Central | 27.0% | 26.6% | 0.90 |
 South | 41.8% | 42.4% | 1.13 |
 West | 20.2% | 19.9% | 0.68 |
 Unknown | 0.5% | 0.4% | 0.30 |
Urban/Rural residence | |||
 Urban | 80.6% | 82.2% | 4.33 |
 Rural | 19.0% | 17.4% | 4.29 |
 Unknown | 0.4% | 0.4% | 0.46 |
Industry type | |||
 Manufacturing, Durable Goods | 20.8% | 20.7% | 0.29 |
 Transportation, Communications, Utilities | 10.5% | 10.6% | 0.56 |
 Services | 6.3% | 6.3% | 0.23 |
 Manufacturing, Nondurable Goods | 5.4% | 5.5% | 0.54 |
 Finance, Insurance, Real Estate | 5.3% | 4.9% | 1.88 |
 Retail Trade | 4.5% | 4.9% | 2.05 |
 Oil & Gas Extraction, Mining | 0.8% | 0.8% | 0.36 |
 Unknown | 46.4% | 46.2% | 0.45 |
Dependent status | |||
 Employee | 63.3% | 62.3% | 2.09 |
 Dependent | 36.7% | 37.7% | 2.09 |
Pre-period Expenditures | |||
 Total inpatient costs | $1,005 ($10,752) | $1,078 ($9,746) | 0.71 |
 Total outpatient costs | $2,927 ($12,033) | $1,896 ($7,291) | 10.36 |
 Total outpatient pharmacy costs | $1,055 ($2,318) | $686 ($1,704) | 18.14 |