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Table 4 Amount of costs when medical services are used

From: Exposure to second-hand smoke and direct healthcare costs in children – results from two German birth cohorts, GINIplus and LISAplus

Parameter

Exp(Estimate) [95% CI]

 

Physician costs

Therapist costs

Hospital costs

Sum of costs (physician, therapist, hospital)

 

(N = 2,973)

(N = 880)

(N = 193)

(N = 3,038)

Intercept

108.98 [99.10–119.83]

394.76 [295.91–526.63]

1778.92 [1298.02–2437.99]

302.84 [252.57–363.13]

Sex

Ref: Female

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

Male

1.05 [0.98–1.13]

1.26 [1.01–1.57]*

0.98 [0.78–1.24]

1.11 [0.95–1.29]

Study centre

Ref: Munich

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

Leipzig

1.06 [0.94–1.20]

0.76 [0.53–1.09]

1.21 [0.81–1.81]

1.26 [0.93–1.69]

Bad Honnef

0.99 [0.85–1.16]

0.78 [0.46–1.33]

0.91 [0.54–1.54]

0.82 [0.59–1.14]

Wesel

0.94 [0.86–1.03]

0.69 [0.52–0.91]**

0.96 [0.72–1.29]

0.71 [0.59–0.85]***

Parental education

Ref: High (>10 years)

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

Low (<10 years)

1.06 [0.90–1.26]

1.19 [0.60–2.35]

0.86 [0.51–1.45]

0.88 [0.63–1.23]

Medium (=10 years)

1.08 [0.99–1.18]

1.13 [0.85–1.50]

0.89 [0.67–1.18]

1.10 [0.91–1.33]

Relative income position

Ref: > 100% of median income

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

0-60% of median income

1.04 [0.92–1.17]

1.45 [0.92–2.29]

0.79 [0.56–1.11]

1.09 [0.86–1.39]

60-100% of median income

0.99 [0.91–1.08]

1.12 [0.87–1.43]

1.18 [0.87–1.61]

1.11 [0.94–1.33]

Single parenthood

Ref: No

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

Yes

1.11 [0.98–1.25]

1.55 [1.03–2.33]*

1.57 [1.02–2.43]*

1.61 [1.18–2.20]**

Exposure to tobacco smoke

Ref: No exposure

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

Not at home, but at other places

0.97 [0.87–1.08]

0.70 [0.50–0.97]*

1.33 [0.93–1.89]

1.02 [0.83–1.25]

At home (patio/balcony)

1.03 [0.93–1.14]

0.88 [0.65–1.20]

1.22 [0.88–1.71]

1.26 [1.02–1.54]*

At home (indoors)

0.92 [0.81–1.03]

1.00 [0.66–1.52]

1.83 [1.19–2.81]**

1.45 [1.11–1.89]**

  1. Ref: Reference category.
  2. Dependent variable: physician/therapist/hospital/sum of physician, therapist and hospital costs where respective costs >0.
  3. Assumptions: inverse Gaussian distribution of the error terms, log-link function.
  4. ***/**/*, significant at the 0.1%/1%/5% level.