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Table 4 Multiple logistic regression analysis for catastrophic out-of-pocket medical and total expenditure for those who arrived alive at study hospitals following road traffic injury

From: Burden of out-of-pocket expenditure for road traffic injuries in urban India

Variable

Category

Total N = 722*

Out-of-pocket medical expenditure

Out-of-pocket total expenditure

Number with catastrophic expenditure

Odds ratio for catastrophic expenditure (95% CI)

Number with catastrophic expenditure

Odds ratio for catastrophic expenditure (95% CI)

Type of road user‡

Pedestrian/cyclist

220

38 (17.3)

0.6 (0.3-1.0)

106 (48.2)

0.9 (0.6-1.5)

MTV

356

86 (24.2)

1.2 (0.7-2.0)

160 (44.9)

1.4 (0.9-2.2)

Others

146

34 (23.3)

1

67 (45.9)

1

Type of hospital

Private

168

40 (23.8)

5.2 (2.7-9.9)

56 (33.3)

2.0 (1.2-3.5)

Public

554

118 (21.3)

1

277 (50.0)

1

Per capita annual household income quartile§

I

197

67 (34.0)

4.6 (2.3-9.0)

133 (67.5)

7.3 (4.1-13.0)

II

192

39 (20.3)

1.8 (0.9-3.6)

98 (51.0)

3.2 (1.8-5.4)

III

153

25 (16.3)

1.6 (0.8-3.2)

59 (38.6)

2.4 (1.4-4.1)

IV

180

27 (15.0)

1

43 (23.9)

1

In-patient days§

<4

266

20 (7.5)

1

80 (30.1)

1

4 - 7

140

19 (13.6)

2.4 (1.2-4.8)

47 (33.6)

1.3 (0.8-2.2)

> 7

316

119 (37.7)

10.5 (5.9-19.0)

206 (65.2)

4.6 (3.0-6.8)

Injury severity§**

1-4

379

62 (16.4)

1

131 (34.6)

1

>4

330

92 (27.9)

1.2 (0.8-1.8)

198 (60.0)

2.1 (1.5-3.0)

Access to insurance§

Yes

153

16 (10.5)

1

32 (20.9)

1

No

569

142 (25.0)

3.8 (1.9-7.6)

301 (52.9)

3.3 (1.9-5.6)

  1. Catastrophic expenditure is defined as >25% of the annual household income of the injured. CI refers to confidence interval.
  2. *Data missing for 1 case due to non-reporting of annual household income.
  3. †Omnibus test for model coefficients: p < 0.0001; Nagelkerke R Square: 30% and 33%; and Hosmer and Lemeshow χ2 p = 0.96 and 0.27 for out-of-pocket medical and total expenditure, respectively.
  4. ‡MTV: motorised two-wheeled vehicles including moped/luna, scooter/scootertte and motorcycle; others include all vehicles other than MTV/ cycle & pedestrians.
  5. χ2 test for significance: p < 0.001 for out of pocket medical expenditure.
  6. §χ2 test for significance: p < 0.001 for out of pocket total expenditure.
  7. **Data not available for 14 participants.