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Table 3 Use of specific preventive services in 12 months following study entry, according to smoking status

From: Smoking and use of primary care services: findings from a population-based cohort study linked with administrative claims data

Males

PSA test

   

Immunization

   
 

N (%)

RR (95% CI)

N (%)

RR (95% CI)

  

Model 1*

Model 2†

Model 3‡

 

Model 1*

Model 2†

Model 3‡

Never smoker

21149 (37.7)

Reference

Reference

Reference

12719 (22.7)

Reference

Reference

Reference

Previous smoker < 5 yrs

1968 (37.3)

0.97 (0.94 - 1.01)

0.97 (0.94 - 1.01)

0.99 (0.95 - 1.03)

1127 (21.3)

1.08 (1.03 - 1.14)

1.04 (0.99 - 1.1)

1.01 (0.96 - 1.06)

Previous smoker 5 + yrs

17665 (37.6)

1.01 (0.99 - 1.02)

1 (0.98 - 1.01)

1.01 (0.99 - 1.02)

13386 (28.5)

1.09 (1.07 - 1.11)

1.06 (1.04 - 1.08)

1.03 (1.01 - 1.05)

Current smoker

2883 (31.8)

0.84 (0.81 - 0.86)

0.84 (0.82 - 0.87)

0.85 (0.83 - 0.88)

1406 (15.5)

0.83 (0.79 - 0.87)

0.79 (0.75 - 0.83)

0.78 (0.75 - 0.82)

Total

43,665 (37.2)

   

28,638 (24.4)

   
 

Health assessment

   

Chronic disease management

   
 

N (%)

RR (95% CI)

N (%)

RR (95% CI)

  

Model 1*

Model 2†

Model 3‡

 

Model 1*

Model 2†

Model 3‡

Never smoker

5311 (9.5)

Reference

Reference

Reference

10783 (19.3)

Reference

Reference

Reference

Previous smoker < 5 yrs

341 (6.5)

0.96 (0.86 - 1.06)

0.93 (0.84 - 1.03)

0.91 (0.82 - 1.01)

1374 (26.1)

1.5 (1.43 - 1.58)

1.3 (1.24 - 1.37)

1.15 (1.09 - 1.2)

Previous smoker 5 + yrs

5386 (11.5)

0.96 (0.93 - 0.99)

0.97 (0.94 - 1.01)

0.96 (0.93 - 0.99)

12367 (26.3)

1.23 (1.2 - 1.26)

1.19 (1.16 - 1.22)

1.09 (1.06 - 1.11)

Current smoker

483 (5.3)

0.88 (0.8 - 0.96)

0.84 (0.77 - 0.92)

0.83 (0.76 - 0.91)

2003 (22.1)

1.33 (1.28 - 1.39)

1.06 (1.02 - 1.11)

1 .00 (0.96 - 1.04)

Total

11,521 (9.8)

   

26,527 (22.6)

   

Females

Pap smear§

   

Immunization

   
 

N (%)

RR (95% CI)

N (%)

RR (95% CI)

  

Model 1*

Model 2†

Model 3‡

 

Model 1*

Model 2†

Model 3‡

Never smoker

29528 (47.2)

Reference

Reference

Reference

22641 (25.9)

Reference

Reference

Reference

Previous smoker < 5 yrs

1677 (47.7)

0.89 (0.86 - 0.92)

0.91 (0.88 - 0.94)

0.93 (0.9 - 0.97)

1131 (22.6)

1.05 (1–1.1)

1.02 (0.97 - 1.07)

0.99 (0.94 - 1.04)

Previous smoker 5 + yrs

12300 (49.0)

1 (0.98 - 1.01)

0.98 (0.97 - 0.99)

0.99 (0.97 – 1.00)

9030 (25.9)

1.04 (1.02 - 1.07)

1.05 (1.03 - 1.07)

1.03 (1.01 - 1.05)

Current smoker

2907 (42.9)

0.78 (0.76 - 0.81)

0.82 (0.80 - 0.84)

0.84 (0.82 - 0.86)

1655 (17.2)

0.85 (0.81 - 0.89)

0.82 (0.78 - 0.85)

0.81 (0.77 - 0.84)

Total

46,412 (47.4)

   

34,457 (25.1)

   
 

Health assessment

   

Chronic disease management

   
 

N (%)

RR (95% CI)

N (%)

RR (95% CI)

  

Model 1*

Model 2†

Model 3‡

 

Model 1*

Model 2†

Model 3‡

Never smoker

8924 (10.2)

Reference

Reference

Reference

19591 (22.4)

Reference

Reference

Reference

Previous smoker < 5 yrs

324 (6.5)

1.04 (0.94 - 1.15)

1.02 (0.92 - 1.13)

0.99 (0.89 - 1.1)

1326 (26.5)

1.41 (1.35 - 1.48)

1.31 (1.25 - 1.37)

1.15 (1.1 - 1.21)

Previous smoker 5 + yrs

2951 (8.5)

0.97 (0.94 - 1.01)

0.99 (0.95 - 1.02)

0.97 (0.94 - 1.01)

7930 (22.8)

1.07 (1.04 - 1.09)

1.14 (1.11 - 1.16)

1.07 (1.04 - 1.09)

Current smoker

581 (6.1)

1.13 (1.04 - 1.22)

1.09 (1.01 - 1.18)

1.06 (0.98 - 1.14)

2110 (22.0)

1.23 (1.19 - 1.28)

1.08 (1.04 - 1.13)

0.98 (0.94 - 1.02)

Total

12,780 (9.3)

   

30,957 (22.5)

   
  1. *Model 1: adjusted for age.
  2. †Model 2: adjusted for age, highest level of education, country of birth, language other than English spoken at home, annual household income, remoteness of residence, working status, private health insurance, alcoholic drinks per week.
  3. ‡Model 3: adjusted as for Model 2, plus self-rated health, functional capacity, psychological distress, comorbidities count.
  4. §Excludes women who reported having had a hysterectomy (n = 38,574).
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BMC Health Services Research

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