Obesity, lifestyle risk-factors, and health service outcomes among healthy middle-aged adults in Canada

Table 1 Baseline characteristics before propensity matching comparing individuals who were obese (BMI > 30 kg/m ² ) with normal weight individuals (BMI 18.5-24.9 kg/m ² ), and comparing individuals who were overweight (BMI 25–29.9kg/m ² ) with normal weight persons (BMI 18.5-24.9 kg/m ² )

		Obese (N = 1,363)	Overweight (N = 3,375)	Normal (N = 4,660)	P value^*
Socio-ethno-demographic	Male (%)	718 (52.7)	2,136 (63.3)	1,858 (39.9)	<0.001
	Mean age (SD)	42.56	41.83	37.9 (11.5)	<0.001
		(11.56)	(11.69)
	Caucasian (%)	1296 (95.1)	3154 (93.5)	4247 (91.1)	<0.001
	High income (%)	553 (40.6)	1581 (46.8)	2024 (43.4)	0.72
	Intermediate income (%)	398 (29.2)	979 (29.0)	1309 (28.1)	0.32
	Low income (%)	412 (30.2)	815 (24.2)	1327 (28.5)	0.54
Pre-existing disease	Prior hospitalizations (%)	502 (38.8)	1033 (30.6)	1670 (35.8)	0.19
	Diabetes (%)	34 (2.5)	62 (1.8)	41 (0.88)	<0.001
	Hypertension (%)	39 (2.9)	42 (1.2)	25 (0.54)	<0.001
	Prior depression (%)	25 (1.8)	32 (0.95)	63 (1.35)	0.60
	High alcohol consumption^† (%)	323 (23.7)	1070 (31.7)	1226 (26.3)	0.61
Risk-factors	Current smoking (%)	384 (28.2)	998 (29.6)	1653 (35.5)	<0.001
	Sedentary^‡	777 (57.0)	1743 (51.6)	2277 (48.9)	<0.001
	Psychological distress^§	518 (38.0)	1098 (32.5)	1713 (36.8)	0.42
0 other risk-factors	None	302 (22.2)	837 (24.8)	1104 (23.7)	0.002
1 other risk-factor	Sedentary-only^‡	332 (24.4)	831 (24.6)	897 (19.3)
	Distressed-only^§	131 (9.6)	359 (10.6)	526 (11.3)
	Smoking-only	79 (5.8)	269 (8.0)	438 (9.4)
2 other risk-factors	Sedentary + distressed	214 (15.7)	350 (10.4)	480 (10.3)
	Sedentary + smoking	132 (9.7)	340 (10.1)	508 (10.9)
	Distressed + smoking	74 (5.4)	167 (5.0)	315 (6.8)
3 other risk-factors	Sedentary + distressed + smoking	99 (7.3)	222 (6.6)	392 (8.4)

^* Mantel-Haenszel Chi-Square for dichotomous outcomes; least squares regression with 1 degree of freedom of continuous outcomes (e.g., age).
^† High alcohol consumption is defined as consumption exceeding the median level for the entire cohort (regardless of subgroup and prior to propensity matching) and consists of consuming ≥ 2 drinks per day.
^‡ Sedentary lifestyle was defined as a frequency of physical activity that fell below the median for the study sample (i.e.,. < 17 days per month of exercising for ≥ 15 minutes per session).
^§ High psychological distress is defined as the number of individuals whose distress scores, as measured using the Ontario Health Survey derived distress scale exceeding the median for the entire cohort (a score of >2) regardless of subgroup and prior to propensity matching).

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