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Table 4 Additional explanatory variables across the three districts.

From: Hardship financing of healthcare among rural poor in Orissa, India

Parameter

Kalahandi

Khorda

Malkangiri

% of sampled household that reported illness last month

62.3%

61.6%

51.3%††† d

% of sampled household that had outpatient treatment last month

60.7%

59.8%

49.1%††† d

Outpatient cost of household that reported illness last month (± SE) (PPP$)a

56.65 (± 2.21)

71.74 (± 3.39)

34.78 (± 1.77) ***e

Income-proxy p.p.p.m. (± SE) (PPP$)b

29.94 (± 0.48)

36.16 (± 0.54)

31.35 (± 0.46) ***b)

Asset-index (± SE)c

-0.70 (± 0.04)

1.36 (± 0.06)

-0.62 (± 0.05) ***f

% of household with healthcare expenditures that reported borrowing from relatives and/or friends

15.6%

23.7%

14.2%††† g

  1. *** Significance of overall difference across the three districts p< 0.001 (ANOVA)
  2. ††† Significance of overall difference across the three districts p< 0.001 (Pearson Chi-square)
  3. a Average outpatient costs ± Standard Error, expressed in Purchasing Power Parity International Dollar.
  4. b Income is proxied as monthly per capita consumer expenditure through questions on many items of household expenditure and expressed in Purchasing Power Parity International Dollar.
  5. c Asset-index is a proxy for socioeconomic status based on various aspects of household assets. The index is calculated using a principal component analysis (PCA). SE = Standard Error
  6. d The difference between Kalahandi and Khorda is not significant for both indicators, p = .687 and p = .593 respectively Chi2
  7. e For each of the three districts the average cost is significantly different from any other district, p < .001 ANOVA
  8. f The difference in average asset-index between Kalahandi and Malkangiri is not significant (p = .163 ANOVA)
  9. g The difference in share between Kalahandi and Malkangiri is not significant, p = .282 Chi2