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Table 3 Factors that influence the risk of hardship financing for households with healthcare costs (logistic regression)

From: Hardship financing of healthcare among rural poor in Orissa, India

 

Coefficient

95% Confidence interval

Socioeconomic and demographic parameters

   

Log income-proxya

0.1197

-0.0694

0.3089

Asset-indexb

-0.1176***

-0.1698

-0.0655

Employment household head

   

   Salaried employee

Reference

  

   Self-employed in agriculture

0.8420**

0.3307

1.3533

   Self-employed in business/trade

0.7521**

0.2176

1.2866

   Daily wage labourer

0.9204**

0.4005

1.4404

   Not working

0.7824**

0.2145

1.3503

Education household head

   

   No education

Reference

  

   Class 1-5

-0.0831

-0.2991

0.1329

   Class 6-10

-0.1719

-0.3930

0.0492

   Class 11 and higher

-0.0340

-0.6023

0.5343

Castec

   

   Scheduled Caste

-0.1293

-0.4347

0.1761

   Scheduled Tribe

0.2173

-0.0632

0.4978

   Other Backward Caste

-0.1570

-0.4255

0.1116

   General Caste

Reference

  

Household size

0.0370***

-0.0135

0.0876

Ratio infants (0-4) in household

0.2015

-0.4490

0.8520

Ratio elderly (60+) in household

0.1851

-0.3583

0.7284

Source of water

   

   Own tap

Reference

  

   Shared tap

0.4873**

0.1733

0.8013

   Hand pump/Well

0.3540*

0.0286

0.6794

Type of toilet

   

   Own flush toilet

Reference

  

   Own pit toilet

0.0556

-0.5192

0.6305

   Shared toilet

0.7037

-0.2623

1.6697

   No toilet

-0.0607

-0.4942

0.3728

Morbidity parameters and health expenditures

   

Log health expenditures last year

0.7232***

0.6365

0.8099

Chronic illness in household

   

   No chronic ill

Reference

  

   Chronic ill

0.3779**

0.1301

0.6257

Hospitalization in household last year

   

   No hospitalization

Reference

  

   Hospitalization

0.7225***

0.5335

0.9116

SHG membership in household

   

   No SHG member

Reference

  

   SHG memberd

0.2184**

0.0536

0.3833

Location of residence

   

   Khorda district

Reference

  

   Kalahandi district

1.3776***

1.1376

1.6176

   Malkangiri district

0.1739

-0.0947

0.4424

Constant

-9.5496***

-11.1226

-7.9766

N

4121

  

Likelihood ratio test:

   

   LR chi2(27)

1025.76

  

   Prob > chi2

0.00

  

Pearson goodness-of-fit test:

   

   Pearson chi2(4091)

3930.87

  

   Prob > chi2

0.96

  
  1. *** Significance of coefficient p < 0.05 (Z-test)
  2. *** Significance of coefficient p < 0.01 (Z-test)
  3. *** Significance of coefficient p < 0.001 (Z-test)
  4. a Income is proxied as monthly per capita consumer expenditure through questions on many items of household expenditure and expressed in Purchasing Power Parity International Dollar.
  5. b Asset-index is a proxy for socioeconomic status based on various aspects of household assets. The index is calculated using a principal component analysis (PCA).
  6. c Caste is a proxy for socioeconomic status in India. Scheduled Castes (Dalits and those sometimes labelled "untouchable") are considered at the bottom of caste hierarchy. The list of Other Backward Castes is quite dynamic and changes from time to time in many states. All other castes are described here as General Caste.
  7. d A household was defined as SHG member if at least one person in the household was a member of a Self-Help Group (SHG) linked to one of the related NGOs.
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BMC Health Services Research

ISSN: 1472-6963

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