Hardship financing of healthcare among rural poor in Orissa, India

Table 1 Demographics & socioeconomic status

	Mean (± SE)^a
Income-proxy p.p.p.m (PPP$)^b	32.41 (± 0.29)*****
Asset-index^c	0.00 (± 0.03)*****
Household size	4.76 (± 0.02)*****
Ratio infants (0-4) in household	0.082 (± 0.002)****
Ratio elderly (60 and older) in household	0.075 (± 0.002)****
	% of total
Caste^d
Scheduled Tribe	30.0
Scheduled Caste	22.3
Other Backward Caste	31.3
General Caste	16.5
Education level household head
No education	51.4
Class 1-5	22.2
Class 6-10	23.8
Class 11 and higher	2.7
Occupation household head
Self-employed agriculture	38.7
Self-employed business/trade	16.1
Regular Salaried employee	4.6
Daily wage labourer	30.8
Not working	9.9
Source of drinking water
Own tap	9.9
Shared tap	53.9
Hand-pump/well	36.2
Toilet facility
Own flush toilet	4.4
Own pit toilet	4.9
Shared toilet	1.0
No toilet	89.7

^a SE = Standard Error.
^b Income is proxied as monthly per capita consumer expenditure through questions on many items of household expenditure and expressed in Purchasing Power Parity International Dollar.
^c Asset-index is a proxy for socioeconomic status based on various aspects of household assets. The index is calculated using a principal component analysis (PCA).
^d Caste is a proxy for socioeconomic status in India. Scheduled Castes (Dalits and those sometimes labelled "untouchable") are considered at the bottom of caste hierarchy. The list of Other Backward Castes is quite dynamic and changes from time to time in many states. All other castes are described here as General Caste.

ISSN: 1472-6963