Ref No | Author (year), country of study | Number and type of shops (staff) | Study design (SCM) | Areas investigated | Major findings |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
66 | Abula et al (2006) Ethiopia, urban | 20 Pharmacies | Cross-sectional survey | Drug sources, sources of information, handling of clients requesting for partial doses, and patient referral | -Poor access to drug information; 80% get no up-to-date information on medicines (and rely on inserts instead) |
 |  |  |  |  | -All staff reported referring patients when required |
 |  |  |  |  | -40% accept partial dispensing |
70 | ACTwatch (2009) Benin, urban and rural | 35 pharmacies (30 registered and 5 rural outpost pharmacies) | Cross-sectional survey | Availability, price, and volume of antimalarials sold | -77% stocked the first-line ACT, with 87% stocking non-artemisinin antimalarials. Diagnostic tests |
 |  |  |  | Knowledge of providers | - Pharmacy charged higher prices compared to other providers, but sold lower volumes overall |
30 | ACTwatch (2009) D.R Congo, urban and rural | 31 pharmacies and 470 drug stores | Cross-sectional survey | Availability, price, and volume of antimalarials sold | -Both shops rarely stocked first-line (only 20-25%), but most had artemisinin monotherapy in stock |
 |  |  |  |  | -Both shop types did not generally do diagnostic tests |
 |  |  |  | Knowledge and perceptions of providers | -Pharmacies charged lowest prices for ACTs |
 |  |  |  |  | -Drug stores sold the most, but had least knowledge |
33 | ACTwatch (2009) Madagascar, urban and rural | 80 registered pharmaciesand 162 rural pharmacies | Cross-sectional survey | Availability, price, and volume of antimalarials sold | -Only half stocked the first-line; majority had non-artemisinin drugs, and did not do diagnostic tests |
 |  |  |  |  | -Pharmacies charged highest prices for ACTs by far |
 |  |  |  | Knowledge and perceptions of providers | -They sold the highest volume of medicines, but only 59% knew the recommended first-line treatment |
29 | ACTwatch (2009) Nigeria, urban and rural | 38 pharmacies and 305 patent medicine stores | Cross-sectional survey | Availability, price, and volume of antimalarials sold | -74% of pharmacies had first-line, compared to 8% for PMVs |
 |  |  |  |  | -Both shop types did not generally do diagnostic tests |
 |  |  |  | Knowledge and perceptions of providers | -Pharmacies charged highest prices for recommended ACTs |
 |  |  |  |  | -PMVs sold the most, but had least knowledge on treatment |
32 | ACTwatch (2009) Uganda, urban and rural | 65 pharmacies and 188 drug stores | Cross-sectional survey | Availability, price, and volume of antimalarials sold | -57% of pharmacies had first-line; only 4% of drug shops |
 |  |  |  | Knowledge and perceptions of providers | -Both shop types rarely carried out diagnostic tests |
 |  |  |  |  | -Pharmacies charged highest prices for recommended ACTs |
 |  |  |  |  | -Drug stores sold the highest volume of medicines, but only 60% knew the recommended first-line treatment |
31 | ACTwatch (2009) Zambia, urban and rural | 49 pharmacies and 130 drug stores | Cross-sectional survey | Availability, price, and volume of antimalarials sold | -Most pharmacies sold ACTs, but only 6% of drug shops did –Non-registered ACT also very common in pharmacies |
 |  |  |  |  | -32% of pharmacies did diagnostic tests, but not drug stores |
 |  |  |  | Knowledge and perceptions of providers | -Pharmacy ACT prices were higher than drug stores |
 |  |  |  |  | -Drug stores had much lower knowledge on first-line drug |
25 | Adikwu, M. U (1996) Nigeria, peri-urban | 46 Patent medicine stores | Cross-sectional survey | Regulatory inspections, characteristics and knowledge of dispensers | -All staff aware of the law governing retailers in Nigeria |
 |  |  |  |  | -Main suppliers were pharmaceutical representatives |
 |  |  |  |  | -Sales boys and girls used in patent medicine stores |
68 | Adisa et al (2006) Nigeria, urban | 50 Pharmacies | Cross-sectional survey | Knowledge on characteristics, ethics and perceived responsibility with regard to phyto-pharmaceuticals | -3/4 scored below 53% on knowledge about the drugs |
 |  |  |  |  | -1/3 had training on phyto-pharmaceuticals |
 |  |  |  |  | -3/4 felt such drugs need Regulatory Authority governance |
 |  |  |  |  | -3/4 felt pharmacists qualified to handle such medicines |
56 | Adu-Sarkodie et al (2000) Ghana, urban | 48 pharmacies | Baseline survey before intervention (SCM) | -Management practices for STI clients | -About half of the shops took patient history before selling |
 |  |  |  |  | -Only one-fifth counseled clients on partner notification |
 |  |  |  |  | -Only one-fifth offered the recommended medicines |
 |  |  |  |  | -Only 13% advised STI clients to use condoms |
34 | Amin et al, 2005, Kenya, rural | 20 Pharmacies | Cross-sectional survey | -Drug sales practices | -Unregistered drugs found in some pharmacies |
 |  |  |  |  | -Majority of drugs not within the registration period |
 |  |  |  | -Regulation and registration policy framework | -New first-line AL found in only 11% of pharmacies |
 |  |  |  |  | -Sourced drugs mainly from wholesalers, never from vendors |
 |  |  |  | -Adherence, stocking practices |  |
60 | Berih et al (1989) Sudan, urban | 63 pharmacies | Cross-sectional survey (SCM) | Drug dispensing practices | -Only 5% recommended ORS despite wide availability, with 2/3 recommending antimicrobials which cost 4 times more |
 |  |  |  |  | -63% took history before treatment; these were more likely to refer child and less likely to recommend antimicrobials |
 |  |  |  |  | -ORS use not related to availability or history taking |
47 | Blanchard et al (2005) South Africa, urban | 28 Pharmacies | Cross-sectional survey | Knowledge and attitudes of pharmacists towards providing emergency contraception | -Nearly all pharmacists sold at least one of the two ECPs |
 |  |  |  |  | -Most were familiar with contraceptive indication and side effects, but felt they should not be given to under 18s |
 |  |  |  |  | -About 80% were willing to display promotional materials |
62 | Brieger et al (2004) Nigeria, rural and urban | 149 patent medicine shops; (820 observations) | Cross sectional survey | Nature of interaction between patent medicine vendors and clerks and clients | -Quarter of clients shared problems with staff |
 |  |  |  |  | -69% sold requested medicines, 30% gave treatment suggestions, 21% gave instructions on medication use, and 19% asked questions about the illness |
49 | Brieger et al (2007) Nigeria, rural | 12 patent medicine sellers | Qualitative study | -Medicine sellers perceptions of consumer color preferences for medicines | -Sellers linked color to effects; yellow associated with malaria because of symptoms of yellow urine and eyes |
 |  |  |  |  | -Sellers had low opinion of white colored medicines |
73 | Buabeng et al (2008) Ghana, urban and rural | 35 pharmacies and 64 licensed chemical shops | Cross-sectional survey | -Availability of antimalarials | -SPs the most available antimalarial; ACTs less available, especially in chemical shops and rural areas |
 |  |  |  | -Policy adherence when choosing drugs to dispense | -Poor adherence to policy guidelines when choosing drugs |
 |  |  |  |  | -Unregistered and unrecommended drugs stocked |
 |  |  |  | -Types of medicines stocked |  |
51 | Buabeng et al (2010a) Ghana, urban and rural | 35 pharmacies and 64 licensed chemical shops | Cross-sectional survey | -Characteristics of staff | -45% of pharmacies had professional staff (pharmaceutical or nursing) compared to 5% for LCSs; 24% of pharmacy staff could treat malaria with ACTs compared to 6% LCSs |
 |  |  |  | -Knowledge of staff on malaria | -76% of pharmacy staff knew symptoms of complicated malaria compared to 43% in LCS |
 |  |  |  | -Practices on malaria prevention |  |
65 | Buabeng, K. O (2010b) Ghana, urban and rural | 35 pharmacies and 64 licensed chemical shops | Cross-sectional survey | -Suitability of premises for malaria services provision | -Most pharmacies clean and well lit compared to LCSs |
 |  |  |  |  | -74% pharmacies had counseling area versus 19% of LCS |
 |  |  |  |  | -88% pharmacies had fridge versus 22% of LCSs |
 |  |  |  |  | -All pharmacies kept some records versus 47% of LCSs |
 |  |  |  |  | -More pharmacies than LCSs had reference materials |
40 | Cohen et al (2010) Tanzania, rural | 226 part II drug shops | Cross-sectional survey | Range and patterns of availability of antimalarials vis-Ã -vis geographical and socio-economic determinants | -ACTs stocked more in shops located nearer towns and/or nearer other shops and in more populous areas (p<0.01) |
 |  |  |  |  | -Shops near ACT-stocking facilities more likely to stock the non-recommended SP medicines (p<0.01). Remote shops more likely to sell antipyretics for fever than antimalarial |
20 | Fayemi et al (2010) Nigeria, rural | 97 Patent medicine vendors | Cross-sectional survey | -knowledge, dispensing practices, and referral for emergency contraceptives | -One-third not aware of ECPs; only half knew that ECPs could prevent pregnancy |
 |  |  |  |  | -Only half had referral systems for ECP clients |
58 | Goel et al (1996) Kenya, rural and urban | 91 Pharmacies | Cross-sectional survey (SCM used) | Influence of geographical location and knowledge on prescribing practices for diarrhea | -No clear relationship between knowledge and prescribing |
 |  |  |  |  | -Correct treatment odds higher in high SES urban areas - |
 |  |  |  |  | -Women more likely to receive appropriate treatment for diarrhea in their children |
28 | Goodman (2004) Tanzania, rural | 43 Part II drug shops | Cross-sectional survey | Range and sources of antipyretics, antibiotics and antimalarials | -Nearly all drug shops had fever and malaria medicines, and nearly two-thirds had antibiotics |
 |  |  |  |  | -87% got drugs from drug wholesaler or part I pharmacy |
54 | Goodman et al (2007) Tanzania, rural | 30 part II drug stores | Cross-sectional survey | Compliance with regulations | -Majority displayed permits, but some permits belonged to staff not attached to the shop. Majority also stocked and sold prescription medicines against regulatory requirements |
 |  |  |  | Likely causes of regulatory infringement | -Poor compliance cause by low knowledge, inadequate inspections, and tacit permission from regulatory enforcers |
22 | Greer et al (2004) Nigeria, rural | 245 patent medicine vendors | Baseline survey before intervention (SCM) | -Characteristics and knowledge of PMV on malaria and other diseases | -57, 28% had secondary or tertiary education respectively |
 |  |  |  |  | -Stability in employment; 80% had worked there for over 1 year, 54% more than 4 years, 24% for more than 10 years |
 |  |  |  |  | -21% knew ITNs, but only 5% recommended to clients |
22 | Greer et al (2004) Uganda, rural | Â | Baseline survey before intervention (SCM) | -Management of malaria, ARI and diarrhea | -Majority took basic patient history appropriately |
 |  |  |  |  | -Nearly all recommended wrong medicine and dose |
 |  |  |  |  | -Only 8% explained how drug should be taken |
42 | Hera (2006) Tanzania, rural and peri-urban | 25 ADDOs | Post-hoc ADDOs programme evaluation | Availability, affordability and quality of drugs, and the quality of dispensing services | Better availability but higher prices of drugs compared to public facilities. Rural shops sold at higher prices, but disparities among ADDOs in prices. Amoxicillin, quinine and ORS dispensed inappropriately |
17 | Hetzel et al (2006) Tanzania, rural | 10 drug stores before, 19 after | Cross-sectional surveys | -Availability and access to drugs before and after policy change from chloroquine as first line to SP | -Number of shops stocking drugs almost doubled. |
 |  |  |  |  | -First-line drug (SP) had better availability in 2004 than did CQ (previous first-line) in 2001 (in drug shops) |
23 | Hetzel et al (2008) Tanzania, rural | 29 part II drug stores | Cross sectional survey (SCM used) | -Knowledge on malaria treatment | -Drug shops had better knowledge than general shops |
 |  |  |  | -drug prescribing practices | -Mystery shoppers likely to get appropriate treatment in drug shops but at higher price. |
 |  |  |  |  | -Adults more likely to have an anti-malarial sold to them |
52 | Igun (1994) Nigeria, rural | 58 pharmacies and 77 patent medicine stores | -Cross-sectional survey (SCM used) | -Knowledge and prescribing practices for watery and bloody diarrhea | -70% of staff said they would give ORT for diarrhea, but only 7% actually gave, the rest giving drugs |
 |  |  |  |  | -57% stated they give ORT only, but 90% of these providers gave drugs only for the diarrhea |
13 | Jacobs et al (2004) Uganda, rural and peri-urban | 141 drug shops | Cross-sectional survey | -Management of urethral discharge in men, treatment outcomes, and patients’ perception of quality of care | -14% of patients treated according to national guidelines, but 11% managed properly |
 |  |  |  |  | -55% told to use condom or refer partner |
 |  |  |  |  | - 38% cure rate |
41 | Karim et al (1996) South Africa, urban | 10 pharmacies | Records review | -Generic substitution | -45.7% of all prescription had generic equivalents |
 |  |  |  | -Cost analysis of prescriptions for branded and generic drugs | - The branded price was 10% higher than the generic price |
 |  |  |  |  | -Pharmacists only substituted 14% of drugs for generics |
 |  |  |  |  | -7% of costs can be saved through generic substitution |
74 | Kachur et al (2006a) Tanzania, urban | 29 part I pharmacies | Cross-sectional survey | -Availability, packaging and labeling of artemisinin-containing products | - 89% of artemisinin drugs identified were monotherapies |
 |  |  |  |  | -All products sold as prepackaged unit doses |
 |  |  |  |  | -All drugs obtained in manufacturers' original packaging |
69 | Kachur et al, (2006b) Tanzania, rural | 10 specialist drug stores | Cross-sectional survey | -Prevalence of malaria parasitemia among clients | -17% of febrile visits resulted in buying of an antimalarial |
 |  |  |  | -Characteristics of malari | -An antipyretic as obtained in 77% visits, with most clients not getting malaria-specific treatment when warranted |
 |  |  |  | a and fever medicines buyers | -Education linked to better buying of antimalarials |
43 | Kagashe et al (2011) Tanzania, urban | 70 pharmacies | Cross-sectional survey | -Dispensing practices for antibiotics, and other drugs | -45% dispensed on client request, 32% on dispenser recommendation, and only 23% on prescription |
 |  |  |  |  | -Antibiotics given inappropriately and in partial doses |
21 | Kwena et al (2008) Kenya, urban | 50 pharmacies | Cross-sectional survey (SCM) | -Characteristics of providers managing STI patients | -Only 10% of clients were offered appropriate treatment according to the government’s STI management guidelines |
 |  |  |  | -Knowledge on management of STIs, compliance to guidelines | -74% of pharmacy staff reported that some customers cannot raise all money for medicines prescribed |
63 | Liambila et al (2010) Kenya, urban | 20 pharmacies | Survey before intervention (SCM) | -Counseling and dispensing practices for clients seeking emergency contraception | -About half of staff gave additional information on EC |
 |  |  |  |  | -Only 12.5 gave regular family planning advice |
 |  |  |  |  | -Only 5% talked about STIs/HIV |
26 | Maiga et al (2003) Mali, urban | 11 Pharmacies | Records review | Drug prescription and selling practices | -Most purchases made without prescription were generics |
 |  |  |  |  | -Transactions were more costly in pharmacies than public health facilities (prices higher by 68%) |
72 | Maiga et al (2010) Mali, urban | 30 Private drug stores | Survey before intervention | Availability and prices for essential medicines | - Availability of 49 essential drugs was 66.1% among the retail pharmacies |
 |  |  |  |  | -Retail prices were 25% higher than recommended |
35 | Manirakiza et al (2010) Central African Republic, urban | 15 Private drug stores and 60 non-official drug shops | Cross-sectional survey | -Availability of antimalarials | -87% of drug stores sold artemisinin monotherapy |
 |  |  |  | -Performance of staff in management of malaria | -70 and 93% of drug stores and unofficial drug shops sold the unrecommended chloroquine |
 |  |  |  |  | -Chloroquine was not supplied by the official wholesalers |
 |  |  |  |  | -SP, the official treatment, was available in all drug stores, but unavailable in 84% of unofficial drug shops |
44 | Massele et al (1993) Tanzania, urban | 20 drug shops | Cross-sectional survey | -Knowledge and treatment practices for malaria | -Knowledge of drug sellers on sign and symptoms was adequate, but 45% did not know the correct drug dose |
 |  |  |  |  | -Only 30% of patients knew the correct dose |
61 | Mayhew et al (2001) Ghana, urban | 248 pharmacies | Survey before intervention (SCM) | -Characteristics of shops, staff and clients | -Only 34% of staff had university qualification |
 |  |  |  | -STI management of clients | -60% of STI clients visit without a prescription |
 |  |  |  |  | -Only 17% used national guidelines to treat STIs |
27 | Mazzilli et al, 2009 Somaliland, urban and rural | 83 pharmacies | Cross-sectional survey | -Characteristics of shops, staff | -No pharmacists found. Nurses own most pharmacies |
 |  |  |  |  | -Pharmacies offered injections and diagnostic tests |
 |  |  |  | -Knowledge about drugs | -Majority knew drugs through self study and experience |
 |  |  |  | -Services and drugs offered | -Majority sold medicines without prescription |
7 | Minzi et al (2008) Tanzania, urban | 551 pharmacies | Cross-sectional survey | -Types of antimalarials stocked at the pharmacies | -None of had been involved in preparation of guidelines |
 |  |  |  |  | -Poor knowledge on pediatric dosages |
 |  |  |  | -Awareness on new malaria treatment guidelines | -49% of pharmacies still stocked chloroquine |
 |  |  |  |  | -Only 30/7% knew dose regimen of SP/AL respectively |
18 | Murray et al (1998) Eritrea (rural) | 59 rural drug vendors | Cross-sectional survey (SCM) | -Knowledge and treatment practices for diarrhea and respiratory infection | -41% gave correct treatment for respiratory infection |
 |  |  |  |  | -Only 38% of clients knew correct dosing for antibiotics |
 |  |  |  |  | -63% knew how to treat diarrhea, but only 10% did so |
14 | Nakyanzi et al (2010) Uganda, urban | 32 pharmacies | Cross-sectional survey | -Range and characteristics of medicines that expire within pharmacies | -75% had gotten low-price/donations of near-expiry drugs; 56% had disposed of expired drugs; 44% had returned drugs to suppliers, and 28% had customers return drugs |
 |  |  |  |  | -Policy change in treatment linked to expiry of medicines |
36 | Noor et al (2009) Somalia, rural | 194 pharmacies | Cross-sectional survey | -Availability of malaria drugs and diagnostic services | -Over 30% do diagnosis; CQ found in 53% of shops, with 9% providing SP. Artemisinin monotherapy was found in 14% of shops, with one area having 42% availability |
 |  |  |  | -Prescribing for malaria | -ACT only found in 9% of shops (2 years after new policy) |
45 | Nshakira et al (2002) Uganda, rural | 2 drug shops | Cross –sectional survey | -Drugs and instructions given to children under five | - 75% of medication was bought in shops in community |
 |  |  |  | -Instructions given to caretakers about dosage | -All study sites had a range of ant malarial drugs in stock -An average of 3.2 drugs was dispensed per child |
59 | Nsimba (2007) Tanzania, rural | 4 pharmacies and 39 drug stores | Cross-sectional survey (SCM used) | -Dispensing practices for ORS, antimalarials and antibiotics | -Antibiotics overused in both urban and rural settings |
 |  |  |  |  | -Use of branded drugs more common than generics |
 |  |  |  | -Training on selectively prescribing | -ORS rarely prescribed. Antibiotics inappropriately dispensed for watery diarrhea in almost half of the cases |
8 | Ntambwe et al (1994) Zaire (now D.R. Congo), rural | 44 pharmacies | Cross-sectional survey | -Characteristics of premises, staff, and availability of permit | -None run by pharmacist or assistant. 30% run by nurses; 71% run by untrained persons; all shops owned by traders |
 |  |  |  | -Compliance with dispensing and recording regulations | -None had a permit, and none kept prescription registers |
 |  |  |  |  | -87% sold drugs without prescription |
64 | Nyazema et al (2007) Zimbabwe, urban | 63 pharmacies | Cross –sectional survey (SCM used) | Sale of antibiotics without prescription, and provision of treatment advice according to acceptable standards | -69% said they can’t sell antibiotics without prescription |
 |  |  |  |  | -Actual sale of antibiotics without prescription was low |
 |  |  |  |  | -Few respondents performed well regarding provision of information and advice in relation to treatment guidelines |
9 | Ojuawo et al (1993) Nigeria, urban | 75 Patent medicine sellers | Cross –sectional survey (SCM used) | -Knowledge, treatment and referral practices for diarrhoea | -33% were owners. 30% of employees were primary school children. Majority of staff did not ask questions about diarrhea, and lacked knowledge on ORT |
 |  |  |  |  | -Diarrhea drugs were recommended by all respondents |
48 | Okeke et al (2006) Nigeria, rural | 13 patent medicine sellers | Survey before intervention | Knowledge, beliefs, treatment practices, and referral for mild and severe malaria | -Majority of sellers not health professionals |
 |  |  |  |  | -Poor knowledge, dispensing, and referral for malaria |
 |  |  |  |  | -Advice and information rarely given to care-givers |
 |  |  |  |  | -62% dispensed what clients demand; only 15% took history |
37 | Onwujekwe et al (2010) Nigeria, rural | 11 pharmacies and 137 patent medicine sellers | Cross-sectional survey | -Characteristics of providers | -14% of PMVs sold medicines without any diagnostic steps compared to 5% for pharmacies. A high proportion of both shops used history to confirm diagnosis for malaria |
 |  |  |  | -Knowledge and management of malaria | -More pharmacies sold artemisinin monotherapies |
53 | Oreagba et al (2010) Nigeria, urban | 400 pharmacies | Cross-sectional survey | -Knowledge, perceptions and practice around pharmacovigilance | -55% had heard of pharmacovigilance; 18% could define it |
 |  |  |  |  | -Only 3% reported adverse drug reactions to the authority |
 |  |  |  |  | -45% did not report because they did not know how |
46 | Oshiname et al (1992) Nigeria, rural | 37 patent medicine vendors | Baseline before intervention | -Knowledge on symptoms, counseling and management of malaria and other diseases | - 70% knew the correct malaria drug, but only one knew the correct dosage for a 3 year old child |
 |  |  |  |  | -39% would sell medicine to a child |
19 | RPM Plus (2006), Tanzania urban and rural | 58 ADDOs | Cross –sectional survey (SCM) | Knowledge and management of major childhood illnesses, and availability of key drugs | -Poor knowledge on treatment choices for diarrhea and ARI |
 |  |  |  |  | -Low adherence to national guidelines for treating ARI, malaria and diarrhea |
16 | Russo et al (2010) Mozambique urban | 34 private pharmacies | Cross-sectional survey | -Prices for generic and branded medicines | -Huge price variations across pharmacies despite price regulation |
 |  |  |  |  | -Pharmacies adjust prices depending on the market demand |
38 | Sabot et al (2009) Tanzania, rural | Â | Baseline survey before intervention | -Availability and dispensing practices for ACTs | -Nearly none of the shops stocked the recommended ACTs before the intervention (subsidy) was introduced |
 |  |  |  |  | -As a result, most shops did not suggest/offer ACTs to clients, choosing to instead offer SPs |
11 | Tumwikirize et al (2004) Uganda, urban | 28 pharmacies and 169 drug stores | Cross-sectional survey | -Characteristics, knowledge and dispensing practices for ARIs | -Most staff had training background in nursing |
 |  |  |  |  | -Low knowledge on ARI symptoms and management |
 |  |  |  |  | -Inappropriate dispensing of antibiotics very common |
39 | van den Boogaard et al (2010) Tanzania, rural | 14 pharmacies and 15 drug shops | Cross-sectional survey | -Availability and sale of floroquinolones and other antibiotics | -All drug shops illegally stocked and sold antibiotics |
 |  |  |  |  | -Floroquinolones widely available in shops, raising concerns over resistance |
24 | Viberg et al (2009) Tanzania, rural | 94 pharmacies, drug stores, and ADDOs | Cross –sectional survey (SCM used) | -STI management practices | -74% of drug sellers stated they had no STI-related drugs in the stock, but 78% and 63% gave male and female simulated clients the medicines, mostly antibiotics |
 |  |  |  | -Knowledge on dose, side effects |  |
 |  |  |  | -Drug dispensing practices | -Most drugs dispensed were the recommended, though incomplete management, incorrect dosages, lack of advice, and poor history-taking were common |
 |  |  |  | -Knowledge on regulation |  |
50 | Viberg et al (2010) Tanzania, rural | 75 drug sellers | Cross-sectional survey | -Knowledge and perceptions on antibiotic use and resistance | -79% of drug sellers knew antibiotics treat bacterial infections; 24% of these sellers also thought antibiotics could treat viral infections |
 |  |  |  |  | -72% had heard about antibiotic resistance |