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Table 4 Sub group analysis of the studies that had 12 months data on glycated haemoglobin (changes from baseline to 12 months) with comparison for intervention (Int) and control (contr) groups and the heterogeneity (measured by I 2 ) of the analyses

From: Group based diabetes self-management education compared to routine treatment for people with type 2 diabetes mellitus. A systematic review with meta-analysis

Analysis number / Outcome

Effect measure

N studies

N participants (Int/contr)

Difference (95%CI)

P-valueA

Heterogeneity (I2)

4.1 Ethnicity (Most non-Caucasian)

Mean Diff

2

208/202

-0.49 (-0.97 to -0.01)

0.046

0.0

4.2 Theoretical model stated:

Mean Diff

4

309/291

-0.43 (-0.79 to -0.08)

0.017

52.1

4.3 Educator stated: Diabetes specialist nurse only

Mean Diff

3

217/219

-0.72 (-1.01 to -0.43)

0.000

35.8

4.4 Educator stated: Dietician only

Mean Diff

2

168/159

-0.80 (-1.22 to -0.37)

0.000

15.2

4.5 Educator stated: Studies with more than 1 instructor

Mean Diff

6

365/375

-0.27 (-0.53 to -0.02)

0.038

0.0

4.6 Delivered as Primary care intervention

Mean Diff

6

564/572

-0.61 (-0.85 to -0.37)

0.000

48.6

4.7 Both groups glycated haemoglobin 7 % & above at baseline

Mean Diff

8

553/532

-0.45 (-0.69 to -0.20)

0.000

24.1

4.8 Studies with follow-up sessions/phone calls before 12 months

Mean Diff

2

78/85

-0.14 (-0.56 to 0.27)

0.500

0.0

4.9 Studies with follow-up sessions/phone calls after 12 months

Mean Diff

2

153/161

-0.61 (-0.95 to -0.27)

0.000

10.7

4.10 Delivery of education programme completed in 1-5 months

Mean Diff

4

359/339

-0.65 (-0.87 to -0.42)

0.000

0.0

4.11 Delivery of education programme completed in 6-10 months

Mean Diff

3

104/124

-0.69 (-1.34 to -0.03)

0.040

79.7

4.12 Delivery of education programme completed in 12 months

Mean Diff

4

287/290

-0.35 (-0.67 to -0.02)

0.035

0.0

4.13 First quartile hours of education programme (8 hours or less)

Mean Diff

3

202/212

-0.55 (-0.86 to -0.23)

0.001

11.2

4.14 Second quartile hours of education programme (9 to 12 hours)

Mean Diff

3

225/225

-0.39 (-0.81 to 0.03)

0.068

57.4

4.15 Third quartile hours of education programme (13 to 18 hours)

Mean Diff

2

71/54

-0.69 (-1.74 to 0.37)

0.201

66.2

4.16 Fourth quartile hours of education programme (19 to 52 hours)

Mean Diff

3

252/262

-0.73 (-1.08 to -0.38)

0.000

27.8

4.17 Attendance rate less than 70 %

Mean Diff

3

132/124

-0.22 (-0.60 to 0.15)

0.243

0.0

4.18 Number of participants in each group session between 5 & 10

Mean Diff

3

124/135

-0.17 (-0.50 to 0.16)

0.321

0.0

4.19 Number of participants in each group session between 14 & 18

Mean Diff

3

264/249

-0.67 (-1.06 to -0.27)

0.001

28.8

4.20 Family & friends included in group sessions

Mean Diff

3

194/201

-0.41 (-0.83 to 0.01)

0.053

0.0

4.21 Number of sessions (5 or less)

Mean Diff

4

244/258

-0.52 (-0.75 to -0.28)

0.000

0.0

4.22 Number of sessions (6 to 10)

Mean Diff

4

265/255

-0.76 (-1.04 to -0.48)

0.000

28.0

4.23 Number of sessions (11 or more)

Mean Diff

3

241/240

-0.42 (-0.82 to -0.02)

0.040

0.0

  1. A. The P- value is calculated for the difference between the intervention and control group.