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Table 4 The Incidence of informal payments to medical staff in outpatient and inpatient health care services

From: Informal payments and intra-household allocation of resources for health care in Albania

 

Outpatient Service

Inpatient Service

 

Nuclear household

Extended household

Difference (nuclear- extended)

Nuclear household

Extended household

Difference (nuclear- extended)

Spouse of the household

0.309

(0.344)

1.150**

(0.476)

-0.841

0.568

(0.499)

0.449

(0.503)

0.120

Children of the household

-0.589**

(0.288)

-0.329*

(0.193)

-0.261

0.168

(0.437)

-0.402

(0.301)

0.570

(Household head)

          

Number of children into the household

-0.036

(0.026)

-0.053*

(0.032)

0.018

-0.019

(0.036)

0.041

(0.043)

-0.060

Sudden illness

0.106

(0.068)

0.198***

(0.076)

-0.092

-0.061

(0.112)

-0.243*

(0.125)

0.182

Year of the survey (year 2002 = 0; year 2005 = 1)

-0.255***

(0.069)

-0.222***

(0.081)

-0.033

-0.231**

(0.101)

0.024

(0.116)

-0.255*

Health insurance

-0.089

(0.073)

-0.267***

(0.082)

0.178

-0.299***

(0.105)

-0.270**

(0.120)

-0.029

ln income per capita

-0.006

(0.032)

-0.016

(0.036)

0.010

0.029

(0.045)

0.026

(0.046)

0.002

Living in rural area

0.174**

(0.075)

0.060

(0.085)

0.115

0.002

(0.109)

-0.059

(0.128)

0.061

Method to raise money - borrowing money

0.106

(0.065)

0.031

(0.076)

0.074

0.026

(0.096)

-0.138

(0.108)

0.164

Method to raise money - animal, products & valuable

0.083

(0.090)

0.124

(0.098)

-0.041

0.143

(0.132)

-0.024

(0.137)

0.167

(Other method to raise money)

          

Age of the household head

-0.010**

(0.005)

-0.002

(0.002)

-0.008*

0.001

(0.007)

0.006**

(0.003)

-0.005

Age of the household spouse

-0.016***

(0.005)

-0.017**

(0.007)

0.001

-0.011*

(0.006)

-0.005

(0.008)

-0.006

Age of the household child

-0.004

(0.009)

0.011

(0.010)

-0.015

-0.003

(0.011)

0.007

(0.012)

-0.010

Gender of the household head

-0.133

(0.169)

0.142

(0.168)

-0.275

0.517*

(0.285)

-0.619*

(0.318)

1.136***

Gender of the household child

0.090

(0.112)

0.268

(0.201)

-0.179

0.142

(0.176)

0.497

(0.310)

-0.355

Level of education of the hh head1

-0.025

(0.036)

-0.024

(0.045)

-0.001

0.079

(0.058)

-0.123

(0.091)

0.203**

Level of education of the hh spouse

-0.003

(0.041)

-0.229**

(0.091)

0.227**

0.100

(0.062)

-0.041

(0.109)

0.141

Level of education of the hh child

0.201**

(0.084)

-0.160

(0.137)

0.360***

0.079

(0.107)

-0.006

(0.149)

0.086

Constant

-0.055

(0.393)

-0.319

(0.329)

0.263

-0.061

(0.567)

0.057

(0.398)

-0.118

Log likelihood

-1099.4186

-793.4290

 

-506.4827

-383.1305

 

Pseudo R2

0.0396

0.0428

 

0.0301

0.0318

 

Number of observations

1992

1504

 

765

575

 
  1. 1 Level of education is represented as a categorical variable where: (0) "Without education"; (1) "Primary education"; (2) " Secondary education"; (4) "University education"; (5) "Postgraduate education"
  2. Notes: *** p < 0.01, ** p < 0.05, * p < 0.1. Standard errors and reference categories are in brackets.