Table 1 Comparison of means for two outcome composite scores across hospital and respondent characteristics (identical letters represent significance between indicated groups)
From: Predictors and outcomes of patient safety culture in hospitals
| Â | Frequency of Events Reported | Overall Perception of Safety | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Â | Mean (SD) | Â | P-Value | Mean (SD) | Â | P-Value |
Unit | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
   Many different hospital units/no specific unit | 3.89 (0.96) | a, f | <0.001 | 3.72 (0.66) | a, d, e, f | <0.001 |
   Administration | 3.78 (1.16) | b, f |  | 3.72 (0.75) | b, e, |  |
   Medical | 3.93 (0.99) | c, d |  | 3.83 (0.68) | a, c, e |  |
   Surgical | 3.78 (1.05) | c, d, e, f |  | 3.82 (0.67) | a, d, e, |  |
   Diagnostics | 3.97 (1.01) | b, d, e |  | 3.96 (0.68) | a, b, c, e |  |
   Other | 4.06 (0.98) | a, b, d, f |  | 3.91 (0.64) | a, b, f |  |
   N | 5707 |  |  | 5201 |  |  |
Position | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
   Nurse | 3.89 (1.00) | a, e, f | <0.001 | 3.80 (0.66) | a, c | <0.001 |
   Physician | 3.78 (0.92) | b, f |  | 3.69 (0.75) | b, c, d |  |
   Pharmacist | 3.87 (1.20) |  |  | 3.83 (0.90) |  |  |
   Other health professions | 3.95 (0.93) | c, e, |  | 3.90 (0.77) |  |  |
   Unit assistant/clerk/secretary/Technician | 3.92 (1.05) | d, e, |  | 3.92 (0.68) | a, b |  |
   Administration | 3.92 (1.06) |  |  | 3.75 (0.85) |  |  |
   Quality and Safety | 3.49 (1.06) | a, c, d, e |  | 3.86 (0.63) |  |  |
   Other | 4.04 (0.99) | a, b, e, f |  | 3.90 (0.71) | b, d |  |
   N | 5925 |  |  | 5407 |  |  |
Experience at hospital | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
   Less than 1 year | 3.78 (1.08) | a, b, c, d | 0.001 | 3.81 (0.72) |  | 0.003 |
   1 to 5 years | 3.88 (1.00) |  |  | 3.82 (0.67) |  |  |
   6 to 10 years | 3.94 (1.00) | a, b |  | 3.83 (0.67) |  |  |
   11 to 15 years | 3.98 (0.98) | a, c |  | 3.88 (0.65) | a |  |
   16 to 20 years | 3.91 (1.04) |  |  | 3.82 (0.69) |  |  |
   21 years or more | 4.00 (1.02) | a, d |  | 3.74 (0.79) | a |  |
   N | 6132 |  |  | 5573 |  |  |
Hospital Size (El-Jardali et al., 2010) | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
   Small (<100 beds) | 3.95 (1.00) | a, b, c | 0.001 | 3.84 (0.67) | a | 0.012 |
   Medium (100-199 beds) | 3.87 (1.03) | a, b |  | 3.80 (0.69) |  |  |
   Large (>=200 beds) | 3.81 (1.08) | a, c |  | 3.76 (0.71) | a |  |
   N | 6307 |  |  | 5742 |  |  |
Interaction with patients | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
   Yes | 3.90 (1.00) |  | 0.517 | 3.82 (0.68) |  | 0.092 |
   No | 3.93 (1.05) |  |  | 3.87 (0.73) |  |  |
   N | 5707 |  |  | 5201 |  |  |
Accreditation Status (El-Jardali et al., 2010) | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
   Yes | 3.91 (1.03) |  | 0.047 | 3.84 (0.69) |  | <0.001 |
   No | 3.84 (1.03) |  |  | 3.71 (0.68) |  |  |
   N | 6307 |  |  | 5742 |  |  |