Table 5 Examination of Unit-Level Variation for the ACT Variables

Leadership

Variance component

0.1298**⁴

0.1205**

0.1036**

0.0797**

ICC

0.2032

0.2073

0.1835

0.1473

Explained variance (R ²)

N/A

0.0716

0.2018

0.3863

Culture

Variance component

0.0257**

0.0165**

0.0154**

0.0003

ICC

0.0928

0.0745

0.0697

0.0016

Explained variance (R ²)

N/A

0.3581

0.4021

0.9875

Evaluation

Variance component

0.1169**

0.1156**

0.0964**

0.0258*

ICC

0.1770

0.1774

0.1524

0.0459

Explained variance (R ²)

N/A

0.0111

0.1754

0.7795

Social Capital

Variance component

0.0171**

0.0147**

0.0158**

0.0018

ICC

0.0777

0.0716

0.0766

0.0095

Explained variance (R ²)

N/A

0.1437

0.0789

0.8940

OS-Staffing

Variance component

0.2555**

0.2042**

0.2004**

0.1698**

ICC

0.2395

0.2199

0.2168

0.1900

Explained variance (R ²)

N/A

0.2008

0.2157

0.3354

OS-Space

Variance component

0.2136**

0.2078**

0.2105**

0.1104**

ICC

0.2634

0.2709

0.2734

0.1648

Explained variance (R ²)

N/A

0.0272

0.0145

0.4831

OS-Time

Variance component

0.0371**

0.0304**

0.0300**

0.0169*

ICC

0.1168

0.1050

0.1039

0.0615

Explained variance (R ²)

N/A

0.1807

0.1905

0.5430

Formal

Interactions

Variance component

0.1730**

0.1375**

0.1145**

0.0963**

ICC

0.161

0.1386

0.1181

0.1012

Explained variance (R ²)

N/A

0.2052

0.3382

0.4435

Informal

Interactions

Variance component

0.2886**

0.2180**

0.2287**

0.0710

ICC

0.1155

0.0938

0.0979

0.0326

Explained variance (R ²)

N/A

0.2446

0.2076

0.7541

Structural and electronic

resources

Variance component

0.3490**

0.2840**

0.3059**

0.1655*

ICC

0.0979

0.0831

0.0890

0.0502

Explained variance (R ²)

N/A

0.9169

0.9110

0.9498