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Table 2 Estimated annual Medicaid expenditures by presence of smoker in home (2007$)

From: Medicaid expenditures for children living with smokers

 

Unadjusted

Adjusted a

 

Smoker in House

Difference

Smoker in House

Difference b

 

No

Yes

(95% CI)

No

Yes

(95% CI)

Overall Expenditures c

$799

$1012

$213 (-56, 580)

$862

$1012

$149 (-68, 427)

   Inpatient

360

450

90 (-66, 328)

380

450

70 (-74, 283)

   Emergency Dept.

45

58

13 (6, 22)***

47

58

10 (3, 18)**

   Ambulatoryc

226

246

20 (-21, 69)

248

246

3 (-41, 56)

   Prescription

98

148

51 (8, 111)*

113

148

35 (-3, 87)

   Dental

54

71

17 (-2, 44)

58

71

13 (-4, 35)

Well-child

77

73

-4 (-12, 6)

81

73

-8 (-15, 1)

  1. a Adjusts for child's sex, race, and ethnicity, age-adjusted well child visits (except where well-child visits are the outcome), urban/rural location, Census region, mother's age, presence of both parents in the home, household poverty status, and highest education achieved by either parent.
  2. b Estimates of the difference in predicted expenditures for children observed to be living with smokers when smokers are or are not present. The 95% confidence interval is based on the confidence interval for the coefficient on having a smoker in the house.
  3. cExcludes well-child care, chiropractic, and vision care.
  4. *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001