Empirical studies on informal patient payments for health care services: a systematic and critical review of research methods and instruments

Stepurko, Tetiana; Pavlova, Milena; Gryga, Irena; Groot, Wim

doi:10.1186/1472-6963-10-273

Table 2 Specificities of data collection (31 publications reviewed)¹

From: Empirical studies on informal patient payments for health care services: a systematic and critical review of research methods and instruments

Classification category	Sub-categories	N	Reference index in Appendix 1
Sampling unit	General public: households	13	1,2,3,4,9,10,11,15,18,21,22,29,30
	General public: individuals	10	7,12,13,14,16,20,21,24,25,27
	Patients	5	5,17,23,26,28
	Providers	10	2,6,13,17,19,20,23,25,28,31
	Officials	3	2,19,24
	Other (newspapers)	1	8
Sampling area	Cities	9	1,7,10,14,21,22,23,27,30
	Districts	7	5,13,15,17,19,26,28
	Single country non-representative	7	3,4,8,24,25,29,31
	Single country representative	7	2,6,11,12,16,18,20
	Multiple country non-representative	4	2,9,21,25
	Multiple country representative	1	16
Sample selection	Random sample	8	4,12,13,15,20,21,27,30
	Stratified random sample	9	2,3,10,16,22,25,26,29,31
	Stratified sample	5	1,5,6,14,24
	Purposive sample	1	8
	Convenience sample	3	7,13,17
	Snowball sample	2	17,23
	Not presented	5	9,11,18,19,28
Sample size (units)	Higher than 10000	3	2,9,16
	2000 - 3000	5	11,14,18,24,29
	1000 - 2000	9	3,4,5,6,12,20,26,30,31
	Less than 1000	12	1,7,8,10,13,17,19,22,23,26,27,28
	Not presented	2	15,21
Number of data collection modes applied in the study	One type	18	1,3,5,6,7,8,10,11,12,16,19,21,22,24,26,27,30,31
	Two types	3	13,17,23
	Three types	3	2,20,25
	More than three types	1	28
	Not clear	6	4,9,14,15,18,29
Data collection mode applied for general public and patients	Self-administrated questionnaire	3	7,11,24
	Face-to-face structured interview	13	1,2,5,10,12,16,20,22,25,26,27,28,30
	Telephone interview	3	3,4,21
	Semi-structured/in-depth interview	5	13,17,20,23,25
	Focus-group discussion	6	2,13,17,23,25,28
	Not clear (interview/questionnaire)	5	9,14,15,18,29
Data collection mode applied for providers and officials	Self-administrated questionnaire	2	24,31
	Interview	8	6,13,17,19,20,23,25,28
	Focus-group discussion	5	2,13,23,26,28
	Stakeholder workshop	1	2
	Diary	1	28

¹One publication can be associated with more than one sub-category.

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