Factors affecting costs and utilization of type 2 diabetes healthcare: a cross-sectional survey among 15 hospitals in urban China

Table 5 Factors associated with the outpatient visits in recent 6 months estimated by GEE

Variable	AOR	SE	Z	P value	95% CI
Insurance
Urban employee insurance or resident insurance/none	1.182	0.197	1.01	0.314	0.853	1.639
Commercial insurance/none*	1.014	0.148	0.10	0.924	0.762	1.349
Cooperative Medical Scheme/none	0.996	0.293	-0.01	0.988	0.559	1.774
Lifestyle intervention: yes/no	1.076	0.075	1.06	0.290	0.939	1.234
Drug therapy: yes/no	0.961	0.074	-0.52	0.603	0.827	1.117
Insulin therapy: yes/no	1.136	0.135	1.07	0.285	0.899	1.434
Hospital: secondary/tertiary	1.232	0.036	7.10	< 0.001^‡	1.163	1.306
Gender: male/female	0.971	0.049	-0.59	0.553	0.879	1.071
Employed/non-employed	0.926	0.076	-0.94	0.349	0.788	1.088
Individual income: higher/lower	1.170	0.172	1.07	0.285	0.877	1.562
Age (years)	1.005	0.004	1.26	0.209	0.997	1.012
Disease course (years)	0.995	0.002	-2.15	0.032^†	0.991	1.000
Complication number	1.064	0.012	5.43	< 0.001^‡	1.040	1.087
HbA1c value	0.976	0.013	-1.84	0.065	0.951	1.002

Note: Estimated by Poisson loglinear function, using generalized estimating equation models; adjusted for clustering on city.
AOR: Adjusted Odds ratio; 95% CI: 95% confidence interval of AOR; SE: Std. Err; †: P < 0.05; ‡: P < 0.01. *: When patients simultaneously had commercial insurance and other plans, they were categorized into the other groups.

ISSN: 1472-6963