Factors affecting costs and utilization of type 2 diabetes healthcare: a cross-sectional survey among 15 hospitals in urban China

Table 4 Factors affecting OOP of annual DMC estimated by GEE

Variable	AOR	SE	Z	P value	95% CI
Insurance (Reference: none)
Urban employee insurance or resident insurance	0.556	0.113	-2.89	0.004^‡	0.374	0.828
Commercial insurance*	0.616	0.131	-2.28	0.023^†	0.406	0.935
Cooperative medical scheme	0.812	0.071	-2.38	0.017^†	0.684	0.964
Lifestyle intervention: yes/no	0.992	0.096	-0.08	0.937	0.821	1.199
Drug therapy: yes/no	0.966	0.119	-0.28	0.780	0.760	1.229
Insulin therapy: yes/no	0.994	0.039	-0.16	0.876	0.920	1.074
Hospital: secondary/tertiary	0.934	0.009	-7.26	< 0.001^‡	0.917	0.951
Gender: male/female	0.950	0.041	-1.20	0.229	0.873	1.033
Employment: employed/unemployed	1.083	0.040	2.14	0.033^†	1.007	1.165
Individual income: higher/lower	0.735	0.099	-2.29	0.022^†	0.565	0.956
Age (years)	0.988	0.004	-3.36	0.001^‡	0.981	0.995
Disease course (years)	0.991	0.004	-2.40	0.016^†	0.984	0.998
Education	0.967	0.028	-1.19	0.235	0.914	1.022
Complication number	1.026	0.019	1.39	0.166	0.989	1.064
HbA1c value	1.019	0.018	1.05	0.294	0.984	1.055

Note: Estimated by gamma log link function, using generalized estimating equations; adjusted for clustering on city.
AOR: Adjusted Odds ratio; 95% CI: 95% confidence interval of AOR; SE: Std. Err; OOP: out-of-pocket; †: P < 0.05; ‡: P < 0.01. *: When patients simultaneously had commercial insurance and other plans, they were categorized into the other groups.

ISSN: 1472-6963