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Table 3 Factors associated with annual DMC estimated by GEE

From: Factors affecting costs and utilization of type 2 diabetes healthcare: a cross-sectional survey among 15 hospitals in urban China

Variable

AOR

SE

Z

P value

95% CI

Insurance (Reference: none)

      

   Urban employee insurance or resident insurance

1.243

0.219

1.23

0.217

0.880

1.757

   Commercial insurance*

1.277

0.053

5.86

< 0.001‡

1.177

1.386

   Cooperative Medical Scheme

0.463

0.192

-1.85

0.064

0.205

1.046

Lifestyle intervention: yes/no

0.988

0.110

-0.11

0.915

0.795

1.229

Drug therapy: yes/no

1.029

0.046

0.64

0.524

0.942

1.124

Insulin therapy: yes/no

1.575

0.162

4.42

< 0.001‡

1.288

1.927

Hospital: secondary/tertiary

1.215

0.138

1.72

0.085

0.973

1.517

Gender: male/female

1.146

0.076

2.06

0.039†

1.007

1.305

Employed/non-employed

0.880

0.057

-1.99

0.047†

0.775

0.998

Individual income: higher/lower

0.964

0.080

-0.44

0.657

0.820

1.134

Age (years)

1.002

0.004

0.52

0.600

0.994

1.011

Disease course (years)

0.996

0.008

-0.47

0.637

0.982

1.011

Education

1.017

0.093

0.19

0.849

0.851

1.217

Complication number

1.325

0.084

4.42

< 0.001‡

1.169

1.501

HbA1c value

0.980

0.039

-0.51

0.612

0.906

1.060

  1. Note: Estimated by gamma log link function, using generalized estimating equations; adjusted for clustering on city.
  2. DMC: direct medical costs; AOR: Adjusted Odds ratio; 95% CI: 95% confidence interval of AOR; SE: Std. Err; OOP: out-of-pocket; †: P < 0.05; ‡: P < 0.01. *: When patients simultaneously had commercial insurance and other plans, they were categorized into the other groups.