From: Poverty related risk for potentially preventable hospitalisations among children in Taiwan
Disease category | All five Diseases | Gastroenteritis and dehydration | Asthma and chronic bronchitis | Acute upper respiratory infections | Lower respiratory infections | Acute injuries and poisonings | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Explanatory variable | ||||||||||||||||||
 | IRR | 95%CI | IRR | 95%CI | IRR | 95%CI | IRR | 95%CI | IRR | 95%CI | IRR | 95%CI | ||||||
Economic status (reference: high income) | ||||||||||||||||||
   Poverty | 1.26 | ** | 1.18-1.36 | 1.25 | ** | 1.10-1.41 | 0.99 |  | 0.73-1.33 | 1.19 | ** | 1.05-1.36 | 1.18 | ** | 1.10-1.26 | 1.82 |  | 0.94-3.53 |
   Near poverty | 1.04 | ** | 1.02-1.07 | 1.04 | * | 1.01-1.08 | 1.13 |  | 1.00-1.27 | 1.02 |  | 0.98-1.05 | 1.04 | ** | 1.01-1.07 | 0.92 |  | 0.75-1.13 |
   Middle income | 1.01 |  | 0.99-1.03 | 1.01 |  | 0.98-1.04 | 1.12 | * | 1.00-1.26 | 1.02 |  | 0.99-1.05 | 1.02 |  | 0.99-1.04 | 0.80 | * | 0.66-0.96 |
Geographic environment (reference: big city) | ||||||||||||||||||
   Small city/town | 1.00 |  | 0.98-1.02 | 0.99 |  | 0.96-1.02 | 1.02 |  | 0.88-1.19 | 1.01 |  | 0.98-1.04 | 1.00 |  | 0.98-1.02 | 1.04 |  | 0.88-1.21 |
   Rural area | 1.00 |  | 0.98-1.02 | 1.00 |  | 0.97-1.03 | 0.91 |  | 0.80-1.03 | 1.00 |  | 0.97-1.03 | 1.00 |  | 0.97-1.03 | 0.99 |  | 0.86-1.14 |
Physical conditions at birth | ||||||||||||||||||
   Male | 1.03 | ** | 1.01-1.05 | 1.01 |  | 0.98-1.03 | 0.98 |  | 0.87-1.10 | 1.00 |  | 0.98-1.02 | 1.03 | ** | 1.01-1.05 | 0.99 |  | 0.88-1.11 |
   Low birth weight | 1.27 | ** | 1.21-1.33 | 1.12 | ** | 1.03-1.21 | 1.29 | * | 1.01-1.65 | 1.05 |  | 0.98-1.14 | 1.25 | ** | 1.18-1.31 | 0.82 |  | 0.60-1.13 |
   Number of outpatient visits in the first week of life | 1.00 |  | 0.98-1.03 | 1.01 |  | 0.97-1.05 | 1.06 |  | 0.91-1.23 | 1.03 |  | 1.00-1.06 | 1.00 |  | 0.97-1.04 | 0.93 |  | 0.79-1.09 |
Additional physical conditions related to potentially preventable hospitalisations before age two | ||||||||||||||||||
   Number of outpatient visits for the same disease before age two | 1.00 | ** | 1.00-1.00 | 1.01 | ** | 1.00-1.01 | 1.01 | ** | 1.00-1.02 | 1.00 | ** | 1.00-1.00 | 1.00 | ** | 1.00-1.00 | 1.05 | ** | 1.04-1.06 |
Access to preventive care | ||||||||||||||||||
   Number of well-child care visits before age two | 0.97 | ** | 0.96-0.98 | 0.98 | ** | 0.97-0.99 | 0.99 |  | 0.96-1.01 | 0.99 |  | 0.99-1.00 | 0.97 | ** | 0.96-0.98 | 0.93 | ** | 0.90-0.97 |
Number of observations | 63,796 | Â | 11,896 | Â | 685 | Â | 10,154 | Â | 39,146 | Â | 1,915 | Â | ||||||
Number of clusters | 42,182 | Â | 10,752 | Â | 600 | Â | 9,219 | Â | 27,283 | Â | 1,840 | Â | ||||||
Model significance: Wald Χ2(10) | 452.77 | ** | 76.99 | ** | 25.10 | ** | 38.57 | ** | 393.17 | ** | 116.46 | ** |