Characteristics | Fasting glucose testing within 6 months | HbA1C testing within 6 months | Annual ACR | Annual eGFR | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR(95%CI) | P | OR(95%CI) | P | OR(95%CI) | P | OR(95%CI) | P | |
Gender | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Male | Ref |  | Ref |  | Ref |  | Ref |  |
 Female | 1.10(0.93 ~ 1.30) | 0.28 | 1.16(1.02 ~ 1.32) | 0.03 | 0.97(0.83 ~ 1.14) | 0.73 | 1.07(0.90 ~ 1.28) | 0.44 |
Age | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 18–44 yrs | Ref |  | Ref |  | Ref |  | Ref |  |
 45-59yrs | 1.73(1.22 ~ 2.46) | < 0.01 | 0.78(0.58 ~ 1.04) | 0.09 | 1.14(0.80 ~ 1.63) | 0.46 | 0.65(0.45 ~ 0.94) | 0.02 |
 60 and above | 1.94(1.36 ~ 2.76) | < 0.01 | 0.76(0.57 ~ 1.02) | 0.06 | 1.23(0.86 ~ 1.76) | 0.25 | 0.81(0.56 ~ 1.17) | 0.26 |
Residential | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Urban areas | Ref |  | Ref |  | Ref |  | Ref |  |
 Rural areas | 2.36(1.96 ~ 2.83) | < 0.01 | 1.12(0.98 ~ 1.27) | 0.11 | 1.02(0.87 ~ 1.20) | 0.79 | 1.16(0.97 ~ 1.40) | 0.11 |
Location | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Northern | Ref |  | Ref |  | Ref |  | Ref |  |
 Southern | 1.19(1.00 ~ 1.42) | 0.05 | 0.86(0.76 ~ 0.98) | 0.02 | 0.30(0.25 ~ 0.35) | < 0.01 | 0.60(0.50 ~ 0.73) | < 0.01 |
Education level | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 College and above | Ref |  | Ref |  | Ref |  | Ref |  |
 Under primary school | 1.32(0.91 ~ 1.91) | 0.15 | 0.29(0.22 ~ 0.38) | < 0.01 | 0.38(0.28 ~ 0.53) | < 0.01 | 0.19(0.13 ~ 0.29) | < 0.01 |
 Primary school | 0.99(0.71 ~ 1.39) | 0.96 | 0.30(0.23 ~ 0.39) | < 0.01 | 0.48(0.36 ~ 0.65) | < 0.01 | 0.35(0.25 ~ 0.49) | < 0.01 |
 Junior high school | 1.24(0.91 ~ 1.71) | 0.18 | 0.49(0.39 ~ 0.62) | < 0.01 | 0.60(0.45 ~ 0.78) | < 0.01 | 0.54(0.40 ~ 0.72) | < 0.01 |
 Senior high school | 1.30(0.94 ~ 1.81) | 0.12 | 0.59(0.46 ~ 0.75) | < 0.01 | 0.63(0.47 ~ 0.82) | < 0.01 | 0.54(0.40 ~ 0.73) | < 0.01 |
Comorbidity | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Yes | Ref |  | Ref |  | Ref |  | Ref |  |
 No | 0.41(0.34 ~ 0.49) | < 0.01 | 0.85(0.75 ~ 0.96) | 0.01 | 1.00(0.86 ~ 1.17) | 0.97 | 0.92(0.77 ~ 1.10) | 0.38 |
Duration of T2DM | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 10 years and above | Ref |  | Ref |  | Ref |  | Ref |  |
 under five years | 1.00(0.81 ~ 1.24) | 0.98 | 0.81(0.69 ~ 0.94) | < 0.01 | 1.05(0.86 ~ 1.26) | 0.65 | 0.97(0.78 ~ 1.20) | 0.75 |
 5–9 years | 1.04(0.84 ~ 1.29) | 0.71 | 0.67(0.57 ~ 0.78) | < 0.01 | 1.00(0.82 ~ 1.20) | 0.96 | 0.81(0.65 ~ 1.00) | 0.05 |