A scoping review of continuous quality improvement in healthcare system: conceptualization, models and tools, barriers and facilitators, and impact

Table 1 Different CQI tools and their purpose in CQI initiative implementation

Tools	Purpose of CQI initiative implementation	Models used
Checklist	Immunization program [44], maternal and child health [76], and healthcare financing [73]	PDCA
Flowcharts	Healthcare costs [73], frequency of episiotomy procedures [74], and immunization rate [72]	Lean Six Sigma, FOCUS-PDCA cycle, Meeting
Cause-and-effect diagrams (fishbone or Ishikawa diagrams)	Healthcare financing [73], reducing overcrowding and improving the patient discharge process [70], ANC HIV testing [51], preventing infection post caesarean section surgery [53], increasing immunization rate [72], and length of stay [15]	Lean Six Sigma, DMAIC; Meeting, PDSA, Baldridge criteria, FADE, Logical framework
Pareto diagram	Healthcare financing [73] and length of stay hospitals [15]
Process maps	ANC HIV testing [51]	PDSA
Time series charts	VMMC [39]	PDSA
Why-Why diagram	Reduce overcrowding and improving patient discharge process [70]	Lean Six Sigma, DMAIC
Affinity diagrams	Increasing immunization rate [72]	Meeting
Multivoting	Increasing immunization rate [72]	Meeting and PDCA
Run chart	HIV/AIDS responses (HIV testing, VMMC, PMTCT care) [38, 39, 42, 51], and continuity of child care [75]	PDSA/PDCA
Table	Diabetic care [31]
Pie charts	Diabetic care [31]
Histograms	Diabetic care [31]
Boxplots	Diabetic care [31]
Star plots	Diabetic care [31]
Variability graph	Diabetic care [31]
P-charts	Maternal care [77]
Chart sticker	Pressure ulcer care [61]	PDCA
Control chart	Patient satisfaction and overall quality [78] and radiotherapy care [79]	PDCA

ISSN: 1472-6963