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Table 5 Data, methods and covariates used in studies that reported adjusted results

From: The impact of health insurance on maternal and reproductive health service utilization and financial protection in low- and lower middle-income countries: a systematic review of the evidence

Methods

Studies (N = 17)

n

%

Data sources used

 Publicly available datasets e.g., DHS, MICs

14

82.4

 Study specific surveys

3

17.6

Statistical methods used

 Propensity Score Analysis/Propensity Score Matching

10

58.8

 Difference In Difference

2

11.8

 Regression discontinuity design

1

5.9

 Others

4

23.5

Effect measures

 Average Treatment Effect

8

47.1

 Average Treatment Effect on the Treated

6

35.3

 Marginal effects

1

5.9

 Odds ratios

1

5.9

 Absolute risk difference

1

5.9

Self-selection adjustment

 Yes

17

100.0

Reference group

 Uninsured/ before insurance

17

100.0

Covariates

Demographic characteristics of the womana

 Education

13

76.5

  Age

13

76.5

 Marital status

10

58.8

 Employment status

8

47.1

 Parity/number of children

6

35.3

  Religion

5

29.4

  Ethnicity

2

11.8

Household characteristicsa

 Wealth status

13

76.5

 Exposure to media

6

35.3

 Education status of the household head

6

35.3

 Household size

5

29.4

 Age of household head

2

11.8

 Sex of household head

2

11.8

Partner demographics

 Partner's employment status

1

5.9

 Partner education

1

5.9

Community characteristicsa

 Place of residence (rural/urban)

10

58.8

 Geographical location

5

29.4

 Distance to the health facility

3

17.6

Perceptions

 Distance to health facility perceived as a difficulty

1

5.9

 Quality of care

1

5.9

 Insurance coverage

1

5.9

  1. aOnly methods used by more than one study were included in this table