Authors | country | Sample size | Measure | Effect size | Lower bound | Upper bound | Standard error | Standard deviation | Significant at 95% CI |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
At least 4 ANC visits | |||||||||
 Ravit et al. 2020 [36] | Mauritania | 1496 | ATE | 0.11 | 0.06 | 0.16 |  |  | Significant |
 Rashad et al. 2019 [38] | Egypt | 9960 | ATT | 0.041 |  |  | 0.01 |  | Significant |
 Philibert et al. 2017 [40] | Mauritania | 3520 | Absolute risk | 0 | -0.05 | 0.05 |  |  | Not Significant |
 Anindya et al. 2020 [41] | Indonesia | 5705 | ATT | 0.074 | 0.048 | 0.099 |  |  | Significant |
 Bonfrer et al. 2016 [44] | Ghana | 2002 | ATT | 0.07 |  |  |  |  | Significant |
 El Omari et al. 2021 [45] | Philippines | 3648 | ATE | 0.085 |  |  |  | 0.109 | Significant |
 Wang et al. 2017 [46] | Ghana | 1753 | ATT | 0.0771 |  |  | 0.0257 |  | Significant |
 Wang et al. 2017 [46] | Indonesia | 14,318 | ATT | 0.026 |  |  | 0.006 |  | Significant |
 Wang et al. 2017 [46] | Rwanda | 6016 | ATT | 0.0195 |  |  | 0.0203 |  | Significant |
 Mussa et al. 2023 [49] | Ethiopia | 1564 | ATE | 0.004 | -0.056 | 0.063 |  |  | Not Significant |
Number of ANC visits during a pregnancy | |||||||||
 Kofinti et al. 2022 [47] | Ghana | 4169 | ATE | 0.432 |  |  | 0.101 |  | Significant |
 Bousmah et al. 2022 [48] | Senegal (contributory) | 804 | ATE | 0.565 |  |  | 0.18 |  | Significant |
 Bousmah et al. 2022 [48] | Senegal (non-contributory) | 983 | ATE |  − 0.325 |  |  | 0.36 |  | Not significant |
Number of ANC visits in 1st trimester | |||||||||
 Aizawa 2019 [43] | Indonesia (non-contributory insurance) | 3717 | ATE | –0.0823 |  |  | 0.0597 |  | Not significant |
 Aizawa 2019 [43] | Indonesia (contributory insurance) | 3314 | ATE | 0.0721 |  |  | 0.0717 |  | Not significant |
 Wang et al. 2017 [46] | Ghana | 1753 | ATT | 0.0184 |  |  | 0.0365 |  | Not significant |
 Wang et al. 2017 [46] | Indonesia | 14,318 | ATT | 0.017 |  |  | 0.008 |  | Significant |
 Wang et al. 2017 [46] | Rwanda | 6016 | ATT | 0.017 |  |  | 0.0206 |  | Not significant |
ANC with skilled staff | |||||||||
 Philibert et al. 2017 [40] | Mauritania | 4029 | Absolute risk | 0.06 | 0.01 | 0.11 |  |  | Significant |
 Bonfrer et al. 2016 [44] | Ghana | 2002 | ATT | 0.05 |  |  |  |  | Not significant |
 Mussa et al. 2023 [49] | Ethiopia | 1564 | ATE | 0.017 | -0.053 | 0.087 |  |  | Not significant |
Delivery at health facility | |||||||||
 Agbanyo et al. 2021 [35] | Ghana | 8818 | Marginal effects | 0.203 |  |  | 19.56 |  | Significant |
 Ravit et al. 2020 [36] | Mauritania | 2602 | ATE (District hospital) | 0.04 | 0 | 0.08 |  |  | Significant |
 Rashad et al. 2019 [38] | Egypt | 9960 | ATT | 0.034 |  |  | 0.01 |  | Significant |
 Gouda et al. 2016 [39] | Philippines | 1376 | ATT | 0.0973 |  |  | 0.035 |  | Significant |
 Philibert et al. 2017 [40] | Mauritania |  | Absolute risk |  − 0.04 | -0.09 | 0.13 |  |  | Not Significant |
 Anindya et al. 2020 [41] | Indonesia | 5705 | ATT | 0.102 | 0.075 | 0.127 |  |  | Significant |
 Aizawa 2019 [43] | Indonesia (non contributory insurance) | 3720 | ATE | 0.203 |  |  | 0.0122 |  | Significant |
 Aizawa 2019 [43] | Indonesia (contributory insurance) | 3317 | ATE | 0.13 |  |  | 0.0125 |  | Significant |
 Bonfrer et al. 2016 [44] | Ghana | 2002 | ATT | 0.12 |  |  |  |  | Significant |
 Wang et al. 2017 [46] | Ghana | 1837 | ATT | 0.1058 |  |  | 0.0319 |  | Significant |
 Wang et al. 2017 [46] | Indonesia | 14,954 | ATT | 0.049 |  |  | 0.009 |  | Significant |
 Wang et al. 2017 [46] | Rwanda | 6122 | ATT | 0.0745 |  |  | 0.0186 |  | Significant |
 Kofinti et al. 2022 [47] | Ghana | 4169 | ATE | 0.062 |  |  | 0.017 |  | Significant |
 Bousmah et al. 2022 [48] | Senegal (contributory) | 804 | ATE | 0.349 |  |  | 0.08 |  | Significant |
 Bousmah et al. 2022 [48] | Senegal (non contributory) | 983 | ATE | 0.238 |  |  | 0.12 |  | Significant |
 Mussa et al. 2023 [49] | Ethiopia | 1564 | ATE | -0.005 | -0.065 | 0.056 |  |  | Not Significant |
Delivery assisted by skilled attendant | |||||||||
 Ravit et al. 2020 [36] | Mauritania | 2400 | ATE | 0.08 | 0.04 | 0.12 |  |  | Significant |
 Chang et al. 2018 [37] | Rwanda | 1913 | Odds Ratio | 1.158 |  |  | 0.038 |  | Significant |
 Anindya et al. 2020 [41] | Indonesia | 5705 | ATT | 0.03 | 0.015 | 0.045 |  |  | Significant |
 Bonfrer et al. 2016 [44] | Ghana | 2002 | ATT | 0.1 |  |  |  |  | Significant |
 El Omari et al. 2021 [45] | Philippines | 3648 | ATE | 0.234 |  |  |  | 0.074 | Significant |
 Kofinti et al. 2022 [47] | Ghana | 4169 | ATE | 0.068 |  |  | 0.016 |  | Significant |
 Mussa et al. 2023 [49] | Ethiopia | 1564 | ATE | -0.008 | -0.072 | 0.056 |  |  | Not Significant |
C section delivery | |||||||||
 Ravit et al. 2020 [36] | Mauritania | 1796 | ATE |  − 0.01 |  − 0.05 | 0.03 |  |  | Not Significant |
 Philibert et al. 2017 [40] | Mauritania | 4029 | Absolute risk |  − 0.02 | -0.04 | -0.01 |  |  | Significant |
 Bonfrer et al. 2016 [44] | Ghana | 2002 | ATT | 0.06 |  |  | 0.016 |  | Significant |
Postnatal care | |||||||||
 Rashad et al. 2019 [38] | Egypt | 9960 | ATT | 0.03 |  |  | 0.016 |  | Not Significant |
 Philibert et al. 2017 [40] | Mauritania | 3996 | Absolute risk |  − 0.01 | -0.07 | 0.05 |  |  | Not Significant |
 Anindya et al. 2020 [41] | Indonesia | 5705 | ATT | 0.04 | 0.022 | 0.057 |  |  | Significant |
 El Omari et al. 2021 [45] | Philippines | 3648 | ATE | 0.093 |  |  |  | 0.156 | Significant |
Reduction of OOPE due to delivery | |||||||||
 Aizawa 2019 [43] | Indonesia (non-contributory insurance) | 3720 | ATE | 1,136,966 IDR |  |  |  |  | Significant |
 Aizawa 2019 [43] | Indonesia (contributory insurance) | 3317 | ATE | 676,402 IDR |  |  |  |  | Significant |
 Garg et al. 2023 [50] | India | 33,345 | ATE | 22.89 INR |  |  |  |  | Not significant |