Variables | No. of admission (times) | No. of high cost admission (%) | Crude odds ratio (95% CI) | p-value | Adjusted odds ratio (95% CI) | p-value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sex | ||||||
 Female | 126,027 | 8490 (6.7) | 1 | <0.001 | 1 | <0.001 |
 Male | 110,412 | 9662 (8.8) | 1.31 (1.27–1.36) |  | 1.16 (1.12–1.20) |  |
Age | ||||||
 19–30 | 4376 | 405 (9.3) | 1 |  | 1 |  |
 31–40 | 8392 | 715 (8.5) | 0.92 (0.80–1.06) | 0.24 | 1.03 (0.88–1.20) | 0.70 |
 41–50 | 22,172 | 1682 (7.6) | 0.81 (0.72–0.92) | 0.001 | 1.08 (0.94–1.24) | 0.26 |
 51–60 | 46,571 | 3408 (7.3) | 0.77 (0.68–0.86) | <0.001 | 1.05 (0.92–1.20) | 0.49 |
 61–70 | 62,672 | 4324 (6.9) | 0.72 (0.64–0.81) | <0.001 | 1.01 (0.89–1.16) | 0.85 |
 71–80 | 64,288 | 5065 (7.9) | 0.82 (0.72–0.92) | 0.001 | 1.02 (0.89–1.16) | 0.82 |
  > 80 | 27,968 | 2553 (9.1) | 0.95 (0.84–1.07) | 0.40 | 1.01 (0.88–1.17) | 0.85 |
Insurance | ||||||
 CSMBS | 42,348 | 6923 (16.4) | 1 |  | 1 |  |
 SHI | 8930 | 1441 (16.1) | 0.99 (0.93–1.06) | 0.85 | 0.45 (0.41–0.49) | <0.001 |
 UCS | 185,161 | 9788 (5.3) | 0.29 (0.28–0.30) | <0.001 | 0.38 (0.36–0.39) | <0.001 |
Hospital level | ||||||
 Community | 102,251 | 977 (1.0) | 1 |  | 1 |  |
 General | 56,525 | 4049 (7.2) | 7.54 (7.03–8.10) | <0.001 | 3.58 (3.32–3.87) | <0.001 |
 Tertiary | 66,150 | 10,974 (16.6) | 19.36 (18.11–20.70) | <0.001 | 7.17 (6.67–7.70) | <0.001 |
 Private | 11,513 | 2152 (18.7) | 23.09 (21.28–25.05) | <0.001 | 13.82 (12.58–15.19) | <0.001 |
Region | ||||||
 Northern | 48,110 | 2645 (5.5) | 1 |  | 1 |  |
 Northeast | 104,067 | 3703 (3.6) | 0.63 (0.60–0.66) | <0.001 | 0.74 (0.70–0.78) | <0.001 |
 Central | 64,962 | 10,360 (16.0) | 3.23 (3.08–3.39) | <0.001 | 1.83 (1.74–1.94) | <0.001 |
 Southern | 19,300 | 1444 (7.5) | 1.36 (1.27–1.46) | <0.001 | 1.21 (1.12–1.31) | <0.001 |
Co–morbidities | ||||||
 Hypertension (yes/no) | 125,565/110,874 | 11,037 (8.8)/7115 (6.4) | 1.38 (1.34–1.42) | <0.001 | 1.00 (0.96–1.04) | 0.96 |
 Diabetes mellitus (yes/no) | 101,664/134,775 | 8775 (8.6)/9377 (7.0) | 1.27 (1.23–1.31) | <0.001 | 1.12 (1.08–1.17) | <0.001 |
 Hyperlipidemia (yes/no) | 31,229/205,210 | 3449 (11.0)/14,703 (7.2) | 1.51 (1.45–1.57) | <0.001 | 1.06 (1.01–1.12) | 0.016 |
 Ischemic heart disease (yes/no) | 29,272/207,167 | 4406 (15.1)/13,746 (6.6) | 2.42 (2.33–2.51) | <0.001 | 1.75 (1.67–1.84) | <0.001 |
 Heart failure (yes/no) | 24,915/211,524 | 2679 (10.8)/15,473 (7.3) | 1.53 (1.46–1.60) | <0.001 | 1.11 (1.05–1.17) | <0.001 |
 Gout (yes/no) | 19,640/216,799 | 1407 (7.2)/16,745 (7.7) | 0.92 (0.87–0.98) | 0.005 | 0.99 (0.93–1.06) | 0.76 |
 Sepsis (yes/no) | 18,528/217,911 | 4586 (24.8)/13,566 (6.2) | 4.62 (4.44–4.79) | <0.001 | 2.75 (2.62–2.88) | <0.001 |
 Pneumonia (yes/no) | 14,732/221,707 | 4004 (27.2)/14,148 (6.4) | 5.18 (4.98–5.40) | <0.001 | 3.27 (3.10–3.45) | <0.001 |
 Acute renal failure (yes/no) | 12,133/224,306 | 3351 (27.6)/14,801 (6.6) | 5.09 (4.88–5.31) | <0.001 | 2.35 (2.23–2.48) | <0.001 |
 Diarrhea (yes/no) | 12,085/224,354 | 774 (6.4)/17,378 (7.75) | 0.82 (0.76–0.88) | <0.001 | 0.98 (0.90–1.07) | 0.69 |
 Stroke (yes/no) | 11,886/224,553 | 2313 (19.5)/15,839 (7.1) | 2.97 (2.83–3.12) | <0.001 | 1.82 (1.72–1.94) | <0.001 |
 Respiratory failure (yes/no) | 11,347/225,092 | 3080 (27.1)/15,072 (6.7) | 5.02 (4.80–5.25) | <0.001 | 2.30 (2.17–2.44) | <0.001 |
Complications | ||||||
 Anemia requiring blood | 57,727/178,712 | 7442 (12.9)/10,710 (6.0) | 2.38 (2.31–2.46) | <0.001 | 2.25 (2.17–2.34) | <0.001 |
  Transfusion (yes/no) | ||||||
 Hyperkalemia (yes/no) | 23,505/212,934 | 2532 (10.8)/15,620 (7.3) | 1.57 (1.51–1.64) | <0.001 | 1.17 (1.11–1.23) | <0.001 |
 Volume overload (yes/no) | 22,091/214,348 | 1966 (8.9)/16,186 (7.55) | 1.30 (1.24–1.36) | <0.001 | 0.99 (0.93–1.05) | 0.67 |
 Metabolic acidosis (yes/no) | 11,897/224,542 | 1549 (13.0)/16,603 (7.4) | 1.90 (1.80–2.00) | <0.001 | 1.11 (1.04–1.19) | 0.003 |
Mode of dialysis | ||||||
 Hemodialysis | 17,143/219,296 | 5239 (30.6)/12,913 (5.9) | 6.45 (6.22–6.70) | <0.001 | 3.14 (3.00–3.28) | <0.001 |
 Peritoneal dialysis | 4584/231,855 | 1170 (25.5)/16,982 (7.3) | 4.16 (3.89–4.46) | <0.001 | 3.30 (3.04–3.59) | <0.001 |