The effect of increasing the supply of skilled health providers on pregnancy and birth outcomes: evidence from the midwives service scheme in Nigeria

Table 4 Estimated effects of MSS on antenatal care utilization

	Number	β (95 % CI)	p-value	%D
Antenatal care in study clinic
Average effect	5295	0.023 (−0.038,0.084)	0.459	0.037
Year 1	5295	0.073** (0.003,0.142)	0.042	0.117
Year 2	5295	−0.007 (−0.078, 0.063)	0.838	−0.011
Year 3	5295	0.003 (−0.076, 0.082)	0.940	0.005
Any antenatal care
Average effect	5287	0.018 (−0.025, 0.061)	0.416	0.022
Year 1	5287	0.050* (−0.002,0.102)	0.059	0.060
Year 2	5287	−0.005 (−0.056, 0.045)	0.835	−0.006
Year 3	5287	0.009 (−0.047, 0.064)	0.763	0.011
4+ antenatal visits
Average effect	5295	−0.006 (−0.075, 0.062)	0.857	−0.012
Year 1	5295	0.028 (−0.047, 0.104)	0.463	0.055
Year 2	5295	−0.036 (−0.119, 0.048)	0.402	−0.071
Year 3	5295	−0.011 (−0.101, 0.080)	0.815	−0.022

β denotes the estimated effect of the MSS program, and is obtained using a differences-in-differences specification that includes month of birth and community fixed effects and controls for maternal and child characteristics. %D expresses the estimated program effect as a percentage of the baseline average of the outcome variable. Standard errors in parentheses are clustered at the community level
**p < 0.05, *p < 0.1

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