From: Predicting inpatient hospital payments in the United States: a retrospective analysis
Characteristic | Medicare | Medicaid | Private | Self-Pay | Other |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Demographic (%) | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Female | .204 | -.442 | -.671*** | .007 | -.094 |
Age Group, years (%) | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 0–17 | 1.26*** | -.072 | .497 | -.246 | -.328 |
 18–35 | .845*** | .173 | .974*** | -.605* | −1.03* |
 36–45 | 2.78** | -.153 | .057 | -.563 | −1.20* |
 46–55 | -.431 | -.123 | .795 | -.264 | −1.01 |
Race/Ethnicity (%) | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Black | .225 | .040 | .037 | -.180 | .172 |
 Hispanic | .262*** | .158** | -.045 | -.226* | .057 |
 Other/missing race | -.071 | .073 | -.305** | -.003 | .304*** |
Inpatient Stay (%) | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Died | 2.03* | 3.59** | .696 | −3.05 | .238 |
 APR-DRG = 2 | .044 | .209 | .467** | -.103 | -.292 |
 APR-DRG = 3 | -.472* | .776** | .816 | .038 | −1.68* |
 APR-DRG = 4 | -.539 | −4.71*** | −2.04 | -.034 | -.955 |
Hospital And Market | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Critical access hospital | .572*** | .502*** | .153 | -.103 | -.014 |
 Rural referral center | .070** | .109** | .026 | -.038 | .062 |
 Sole community provider | .193*** | .096 | .219*** | -.034 | .033 |
 Teaching hospital | .180*** | .180*** | .074** | -.059 | -.114* |
 Herfindahl-Hirschman Index (HHI) | .019*** | .077*** | .101*** | -.004 | -.161* |
 HHI squared | .001*** | -.004*** | -.005*** | .001 | .013* |
 Average DRG weight | .133 | .058 | .011 | .177* | .071 |
 Medicare disch./10,000 | .005 | — | — | — | — |
 (Medicare disch./10,000)^2 | -.007 | — | — | — | — |
 Medicare ALOS/10 | -.385 | — | — | — | — |
 (Medicare ALOS/10)^2 | .142 | — | — | — | — |
 Medicaid disch/10,000 | — | -.052 | — | — | — |
 (Medicaid disch/10,000)^2 | — | .015 | — | — | — |
 Medicaid ALOS/10 | — | .065*** | — | — | — |
 (Medicaid ALOS/10)^2 | — | .003*** | — | — | — |
 Wage index | -.452*** | -.464*** | .056 | -.093 | -.177 |
State | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 2005 deficit ($) | -.033* | -.021*** | -.019* | -.039*** | -.040*** |
 2006 per capita income ($) | .018 | .039*** | .000 | .084*** | .033*** |
 Elderly under FPL (100,000 s) | .000 | -.000 | .000 | .000*** | .000 |
 Medicaid eligibility threshold for children (% of FPL) | -.686** | −1.41*** | -.754*** | −3.97*** | −2.21*** |
 Medicaid eligibility threshold for working parents (% of FPL) | .425*** | .194*** | .303 | .563*** | .195*** |
 Medicaid per capita spending ($) | .236*** | .289*** | .000*** | -.181*** | -.213*** |
 CHIP enrollment rate | −8.34*** | −7.86*** | −6.99*** | −8.17*** | .627 |
 Number of FQHCs per 1,000 nonelderly uninsured | -.000*** | -.000*** | -.166*** | -.000*** | -.037*** |
First-Stage Errors | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Medicare PCR | --- | 1.30*** | .582*** | .095 | .196 |
 Medicaid PCR | 1.37*** | --- | .224 | .151 | -.012 |
 Private PCR | .598*** | .109 | --- | -.236 | -.025 |
 Self-Pay PCR | -.012 | -.022 | -.226 | --- | -.092 |
 Other PCR | -.007 | -.021 | -.058** | -.089 | --- |
 Intercept | 6.71*** | 6.53 | 6.57 | 8.26 | 1.61 |
 Number of Observations | 852 | 856 | 854 | 778 | 817 |