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Table 1 VA Medical, fee basis and pharmacy average nominal cost per patient, between 2007–2009, by demographic characteristics of patients (n = 92,749)

From: Association between health literacy and medical care costs in an integrated healthcare system: a regional population based study

 

Cost from 2007 to 2009

Variables

n (%)

Mean (sda)

Gender*

  

 Male

87020 (94)

18442 (34316)

 Femaleb

5729 (6)

20585 (30278)

Marital Status*

  

 Divorced

19496 (21)

23801 (40762)

 Marriedb

58912 (64)

15857 (29401)

 Other

14280 (15)

22540 (39941)

Priority Code*

  

 Catastrophically disabled

18058 (20)

31315 (46457)

 Moderate disability

21013 (23)

14611 (26790)

 Medicaid assistance/low income

25864 (28)

22743 (37926)

 No service-connected disabilityb

27689 (30)

9399 (19378)

Racec*

  

 Non-minorityb

67888 (85)

19101 (35206)

 Minority

11702 (15)

23074 (37959)

Ethnicity*

  

 Not Hispanic or Latinob

80043 (98)

19080 (34873)

 Hispanic or Latino

1695 (2)

19544 (29379)

Aged*

  

 <55

17056 (18)

19813 (35875)

 55-64

26106 (28)

22703 (38410)

 65-74

22355 (24)

17298 (32646)

 75-84

21065 (23)

14643 (28470)

 ≥85b

6167 (7)

15726 (29870)

Annual Per Person VA Expenses by Health Literacy Level* and by Sub-Component

Total Healthcare Expenses*e

  

 Inadequate

4952 (5)

31581 (50056)

 Marginal

10955 (12)

23508 (40550)

 Adequateb

76842 (83)

17033 (31458)

Inpatient*e

  

 Inadequate

1285 (9)

37878 (61788)

 Marginal

2181 (15)

34289 (53340)

 Adequateb

11050 (76)

26879 (45797)

Outpatient*e

  

 Inadequate

4952 (5)

20748 (23360)

 Marginal

10955 (12)

16051 (19947)

 Adequateb

76842 (83)

12731 (17109)

Fee-Basis*e

  

 Inadequate

1303 (6)

3813 (10934)

 Marginal

2706 (13)

2552 (7664)

 Adequateb

17449 (81)

1922 (7728)

Pharmacy*e

  

 Inadequate

4891 (5)

6071 (18460)

 Marginal

10722 (12)

4002 (8213)

 Adequateb

74922 (83)

3032 (7824)

  1. *Significant differences in cost between categories for all years (Kruskal-Wallis Test) p-value < 0.001
  2. asd = Standard Deviation
  3. bReference Group
  4. cMinority = Black/African American, American Indian/Alaska Native, Native Hawaiian/Other Pacific Islander, Asian
  5. dAge was documented at time of screening
  6. ePopulation size represents the 2007–2009 combined; numbers vary based on annual utilization