Table 3 Estimates for fixed effects between individual and contextual-level characteristics on PCEC utilization

Sex (ref: female)

  - Male

0.094

1.25

(0.96;1.62)

0.031

1.32

(1.03;1.71)

0.029

1.33

(1.03;1.72)

0.028

1.33

(1.03;1.73)

Age (ref: 15–34 years old.)

  - 35–64 years old

0.001

0.54

(0.38;0.77)

<0.001

0.46

(0.32;0.67)

<0.001

0.46

(0.32;0.67)

<0.001

0.46

(0.31;0.66)

  - 65 years old and over

<0.001

0.44

(0.28;0.67)

<0.001

0.28

(0.17;0.46)

<0.001

0.28

(0.17;0.46)

<0.001

0.28

(0.17;0.46)

Reduction of regular activity (ref: no)

  - Yes

0.014

1.84

(1.13;2.99)

0.108

1.55

(0.91;2.65)

0.111

1.55

(0.90;2.65)

0.104

1.56

(0.91;2.67)

Self-rated health (ref: negative)

  - Positive

0.011

0.70

(0.53;0.92)

0.003

0.62

(0.45;0.85)

0.004

0.62

(0.45;0.86)

0.003

0.62

(0.45;0.85)

Number of chronic conditions (ref: none)

  - 1-2 conditions

0.462

1.14

(0.81;1.59)

0.127

1.31

(0.93;1.84)

0.123

1.31

(0.93;1.84)

0.117

1.31

(0.93;1.84)

  - Over 2 conditions

0.29

1.19

(0.86;1.65)

0.028

1.56

(1.05;2.31)

0.017

1.61

(1.09;2.39)

0.018

1.61

(1.08;2.38)

SES (ref: low -IV, V)

  - I-III (high)

0.005

0.64

(0.47;0.87)

0.014

0.68

(0.50;0.92)

0.02

0.70

(0.52;0.94)

0.022

0.70

(0.52;0.95)

Municipal-level variables

Emergency care centers (ref: HES + PCEC)

  - PCEC only

0.001

2.45

(1.48;4.05)

<0.001

2.57

(1.56;4.25)

<0.001

2.46

(1.49;4.05)

  - No emergency care

0.863

1.05

(0.63;1.73)

0.579

1.16

(0.69;1.93)

0.528

1.18

(0.70;1.99)

Average SES (ref: T1- lowest)

  - T2

0.976

1.01

(0.59;1.73)

0.854

1.05

(0.63;1.76)

  - T3 (highest)

0.264

0.74

(0.43;1.26)

0.272

0.75

(0.44;1.26)

% Households without a vehicle, (ref:T1: up to 30%)

  - T2 (30-35%)

0.115

1.62

(0.89;2.96)

0.186

1.45

(0.84;2.49)

  - T3 (over 35%)

0.955

0.98

(0.58;1.68)

0.977

0.99

(0.59;1.67)