Table 3 Results of multilevel regression analysis of individual care time in nursing homes

Model 1:

Variance-nursing home level ${\widehat{\mathit{\tau }}}_0$

0.064 (0.037-0.110)

0.075 (0.042-0.137)

0.142 (0.082-0.246)

Variance-individual level $\widehat{{\mathit{\sigma }}^2}$

0.204 (0.188-0.221)

0.475 (0.438-0.516)

0.414 (0.382-0.450)

ICC

24.0%

13.7%

25.5%

Model 2:

Variance-nursing home level $\widehat{{\mathrm{\tau }}_0}$

0.058 (0.032-0.106)

0.061 (0.031-0.122)

0.113 (0.060-0.215)

Variance-individual level $\widehat{{\mathit{\sigma }}^2}$

0.204 (0.188-0.221)

0.476 (0.438-0.516)

0.414 (0.382-0.450)

ICC

22.1%

11.4%

21.4%

Model 3:

Intercept $\hat{\mathrm{\gamma }}$

0.31 (-0.70-1.33)

-3.39*** (-4.60- -2.18)

0.71 (-0.80-2.23)

Nursing home characteristics:

Extra care sheltered housing $\widehat{{\mathrm{\delta }}_1}$ ()

0.02 (0.02) (-0.14-0.18)

0.10 (0.10) (-0.10-0.31)

0.13 (0.13) (-0.12-0.38)

Private ownership $\widehat{{\mathrm{\delta }}_2}$ ($\widehat{{\mathit{\delta }}_2^{\text{'}}}$)

0.27** (0.30) (0.03-0.52)

0.21 (0.23) (-0.05-0.47)

0.04 (0.03) (-0.31-0.39)

Nursing home size $\widehat{{\mathrm{\delta }}_3}$

2.73** (0.04-5.42)

1.13 (-1.92-4.18)

6.09** (2.14-10.03)

College/university degree $\widehat{{\mathrm{\delta }}_4}$ ($\widehat{{\mathit{\delta }}_4^{\text{'}}}$)

0.65 (0.66) (-0.41-1.71)

0.72 (0.74) (-0.41-1.85)

-0.23 (-0.41) (-1.74-1.29)

Upper secondary education $\widehat{{\mathrm{\delta }}_5}$ ($\widehat{{\mathit{\delta }}_5^{\text{'}}}$)

0.24 (0.16) (-0.60-1.08)

0.45 (0.41) (-0.44-1.33)

-0.51 (-0.50) (-1.69-0.68)

Case mix $\widehat{{\mathrm{\delta }}_6}$

-0.29** (-0.49- -0.09)

-0.16 (-0.38-0.06)

-0.25* (-0.54-0.05)

Individual characteristics:

ADL-disability $\widehat{{\mathit{\theta }}_1}$

0.73*** (0.56-0.90)

1.95*** (1.69-2.21)

-0.23 (-0.52-0.06)

IADL-disability $\widehat{{\mathit{\theta }}_2}$

0.31*** (0.18-0.44)

0.64*** (0.44-0.85)

0.15 (-0.08-0.39)

Cognitive impairment $\widehat{{\mathit{\theta }}_3}$

0.47*** (0.31-0.64)

0.21* (-0.04-0.47)

0.46** (0.17-0.74)

Vision and hearing V&H $\widehat{{\mathit{\theta }}_4}$

-0.28** (-0.45- -0.10)

-0.41** (-0.67- -0.15)

-0.20 (-0.50-0.10)

ADL -IADL $\widehat{{\mathit{\theta }}_{12}}$

-0.08*** (-0.12- -0.04)

-0.26*** (-0.32- -0.21)

0.01 (-0.05-0.08)

ADL - Cognitive $\widehat{{\mathit{\theta }}_{13}}$

-0.04*** (-0.07- -0.02)

-0.07*** (-0.11- -0.04)

0.06** (0.01-0.10)

ADL -V&H $\widehat{{\mathit{\theta }}_{14}}$

0.02 (-0.01-0.05)

-0.03 (-0.07-0.01)

0.10*** (0.06-0.15)

IADL-Cognitive $\widehat{{\mathit{\theta }}_{23}}$

-0.06** (-0.09- -0.02)

0.00 (-0.06-0.05)

-0.06* (-0.12-0.01)

IADL-V&H $\widehat{{\mathit{\theta }}_{24}}$

0.07** (0.02-0.12)

0.10** (0.03-0.18)

0.06 (-0.02-0.15)

Cognitive-V&H $\widehat{{\mathit{\theta }}_{34}}$

-0.03 (-0.06-0.01)

0.01 (-0.04-0.06)

-0.13*** (-0.18- -0.07)

Dementia/Alzheimer $\widehat{{\mathit{\beta }}_{31}}$ ($\widehat{{\mathit{\beta }}_{31}^{\text{'}}}$)

0.03 (0.03) (-0.02-0.07)

0.06** (0.07) (0.00-0.13)

-0.02 (-0.02) (-0.09-0.05)

Stroke $\widehat{{\mathit{\beta }}_{32}}$ ($\widehat{{\mathit{\beta }}_{32}^{\text{'}}}$)

0.01 (0.01) (-0.04-0.06)

0.09** (0.09) (0.01-0.16)

-0.10** (-0.10) (-0.18- -0.02)

Diabetes $\widehat{{\mathit{\beta }}_{33}}$ ($\widehat{{\mathit{\beta }}_{33}^{\text{'}}}$)

0.05 (0.05) (-0.01-0.12)

0.01 (0.01) (-0.08-0.11)

0.00 (0.00) (-0.11-0.10)

Private care <3 hours $\widehat{{\mathit{\beta }}_{21}}$

0.02 (0.02) (-0.03-0.07)

0.01 (0.01) (-0.06-0.08)

-0.09** (-0.09) (-0.18- -0.01)

Private care 3 < hours $\widehat{{\mathit{\beta }}_{22}}$ ($\widehat{{\mathit{\beta }}_{22}^{\text{'}}}$)

0.17** (0.18) (0.05-0.28)

0.01 (0.00) (-0.16-0.18)

0.22** (0.24) (0.02-0.41)

age 80–89 $\widehat{{\mathit{\beta }}_{11}}$ ($\widehat{{\mathit{\beta }}_{11}^{\text{'}}}$)

-0.04 (-0.04) (-0.08-0.01)

-0.01 (-0.01) (-0.08-0.05)

0.02 (0.02) (-0.05-0.10)

age above 90 $\widehat{{\mathit{\beta }}_{12}}$ ($\widehat{{\mathit{\beta }}_{12}^{\text{'}}}$)

-0.04 (-0.04) (-0.10-0.01)

0.02 (0.02) (-0.06-0.09)

0.00 (0.00) (-0.08-0.09)

Model fit Statistics:

Restricted log. Likelihood Model 3

-339.8

-750.8

-900.4