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Table 3 Frequencies of utilisation (users-only) – results of zero-truncated negative-binomial regression models – adjusted for age, sex, school education, alcohol consumption and physical activity

From: The association of smoking status with healthcare utilisation, productivity loss and resulting costs: results from the population-based KORA F4 study

Parameter

Number of physician visits

Number of hospital days (in-/outpatient)

Number of rehabilitation days

Number of physical therapies

Number of alternative physician visits

Number of pharmaceuticals used

Number of work absence days

 

(n=1975)

(n=577)

(n=171)

(n=889)

(n=218)

(n=2172)

(n=796)

 

exp(estimate)

exp(estimate)

exp(estimate)

exp(estimate)

exp(estimate)

exp(estimate)

exp(estimate)

 

[95% CI]

[95% CI]

[95% CI]

[95% CI]

[95% CI]

[95% CI]

[95% CI]

Smoking status

Current smoker

1.28 *** [1.08–1.52]

1.28 [0.74–2.19]

0.81 [0.59–1.11]

0.93 [0.75–1.15]

0.87 [0.43–1.77]

1.01 [0.88–1.16]

1.44 ** [1.03–2.01]

 

Occasional smoker

1.00 [0.68–1.45]

0.83 [0.25–2.73]

1.18 [0.64–2.16]

0.84 [0.53–1.32]

0.36 [0.08–1.76]

1.33 * [1.00–1.76]

0.84 [0.45–1.55]

 

Former smoker

1.17 *** [1.05–1.31]

0.89 [0.61–1.31]

0.91 [0.76–1.09]

1.14 * [0.99–1.31]

1.35 [0.86–2.11]

1.25 *** [1.14–1.39]

1.20 [0.93–1.54]

 

Never smoker

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

  1. *** significant at the 1% level/** significant at the 5% level/* trend with p≤0.10.