Patient empowerment in long-term conditions: development and preliminary testing of a new measure

Table 4 Results of univariate regressions testing predicted and empirical relationships with empowerment total score

Predictor	Predicted relationship with total score	β, 95% CI, P	Empirical relationship with total score
1. Presence of depression as a long-term condition	-	−6.98, (−15.92, 1.96), 0.13	0
2. Number of long-term conditions	-	−4.96, (−7.95, -1.97)**	-
3. Duration of long-term condition(s)	+	0.46, (0.07, 0.85)*	+
4. General health	+	11.65, (7.92, 15.38)**	+
5. Identity	+	4.64, (3.96, 5.33)**	+
6. Self-efficacy	+	1.76, (1.44, 2.08)**	+
7. PEI	+	2.09, (0.85, 3.33)**	+
8. PACIC	+	0.65, (0.42, 0.87)**	+
9. Continuity (GPPS)	+	6.49, (−2.87, 15.84), 0.17	0
10. Continuity (GPPS preference)	+	22.72, (11.57, 33.86)**	+
11. Interpersonal care (GPPS)	+	0.91, (0.28, 1.54)**	+
12. Interpersonal care (GPPS confidence)	+	16.09, (−1.83, 33.99), 0.08	0
13. Gender	0	−0.01, (−0.04, 0.02), 0.49	0
14. Age	0	−0.00, (−0.03, 0.02), 0.51	0
15. Ethnicity	0	15.25, (0.54, 29.97)*	+
16. Living arrangements	0	−17.73, (−26.63, -8.83)**	-
17. Education	+	19.18, (9.83, 28.54)**	+
18. Current work	+	14.41, (−8.21, 37.03), 0.21	0

Note: Identity, Constructed Meaning scale [48]; Self-efficacy, Self-efficacy in Long-Term Conditions scale [52]; PEI Patient Enablement Instrument [33]; PACIC Patient Assessment of Chronic Illness Care [56]; GPPS General Practice Patient Survey [44]; Continuity (GPPS) and Continuity (GPPS preference) measured using two GPPS questions; Interpersonal care (GPPS) measured using GPPS interpersonal care scale; Interpersonal care (GPPS confidence) measured using a single GPPS question; Summary of results = (+) Positive relationship; (−) Negative relationship; (0) No relationship; β, Standardized coefficient of the model; CI, 95% Confidence interval; *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01.

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