Table 4 Results of modeling WTP: objection to pay, inability to pay, and level of positive WTP
Dependent variable | Objection to pay Random effect logit | Inability to pay Random effect logit | WTP level Random effect linear | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1= object, unable and object | 1= unable, unable and object | LN (WTP Positive) | |||||||||||
0= unable, WTP>0 | 0= object, WTP>0 | ||||||||||||
Full model | Reduced model | Full model | Reduced model | Full model | Reduced model | ||||||||
Coeff. | (S.E.) | Coeff. | (S.E.) | Coeff. | (S.E.) | Coeff. | (S.E.) | Coeff. | (S.E.) | Coeff. | (S.E.) | ||
Specialization of a physician: 0 = GP 1 = Specialist | 0.185 | (0.212) | −0.689* | (0.301) | −0.727* | (0.286) | 0.143* | (0.034) | 0.138* | (0.033) | |||
Quality/access characteristics: 0 = Basic characteristics | −4.411* | (0.360) | −4.681* | (0.359) | −1.210* | (0.316) | −1.120* | (0.296) | 0.366* | (0.045) | 0.362* | (0.045) | |
1 = Improved characteristics | |||||||||||||
Age | |||||||||||||
aged 18-34 | −0.086 | (0.560) | −0.584 | (1.082) | −0.319 | (0.912) | 0.132 | (0.134) | |||||
aged 35-54 | ref. | ref. | ref. | ref. | |||||||||
aged 55+ | −0.223 | (0.591) | 2.082* | (1.032) | 1.633* | (0.731) | −0.156 | (0.143) | |||||
Sex | |||||||||||||
female | ref. | ref. | ref. | ||||||||||
male | −0.506 | (0.459) | −1.060 | (0.831) | 0.051 | (0.109) | |||||||
Place of residence | |||||||||||||
village | ref. | ref. | ref. | ||||||||||
town (to 100)/small city (to 500) | −0.894** | (0.476) | 0.165 | (0.771) | 0.068 | (0.114) | |||||||
big city (500+) and capital | −0.528 | (0.581) | 1.406 | (0.993) | 0.001 | (0.141) | |||||||
Education level | |||||||||||||
primary or no education | −0.281 | (0.579) | 0.354 | (0.838) | −0.089 | (0.145) | −0.198 | (0.132) | |||||
secondary education | ref. | ref. | ref. | ref. | |||||||||
higher education or sc. degree | −0.117 | (0.537) | 0.378 | (0.928) | 0.186 | (0.126) | 0.220** | (0.118) | |||||
Health status | |||||||||||||
absolutely sick to bad | 0.278 | (0.643) | 0.964 | (0.897) | 0.135 | (0.157) | |||||||
fair | ref. | ref. | ref. | ||||||||||
good to perfect | 0.318 | (0.532) | −0.989 | (0.927) | −0.139 | (0.128) | |||||||
Voluntary insurance policy | |||||||||||||
no voluntary insurance | ref. | ref. | ref. | ref. | |||||||||
has voluntary health insurance | −0.751 | (0.975) | −33.337 | (>3x105) | 0.535* | (0.216) | 0.448* | (0.208) | |||||
Size of the house hold | |||||||||||||
1 member (alone) | ref. | ref. | ref. | ||||||||||
2+ members | 0.663 | (0.690) | 0.193 | (1.021) | −0.147 | (0.168) | |||||||
Number of children in the household | |||||||||||||
No children in the household | ref. | ref. | ref. | ||||||||||
1+ children in the household | 0.616 | (0.491) | 1.713** | (0.956) | −0.044 | (0.116) | |||||||
Share of household members who do not earn | |||||||||||||
<= half of household not working | ref. | ref. | ref. | ref. | ref. | ||||||||
> half of household not working | −1.102* | (0.488) | −1.039* | (0.425) | 1.748* | (0.800) | 2.561* | (0.685) | −0.016 | (0.115) | |||
Income (descriptive) | |||||||||||||
not sufficient | ref. | ref. | ref. | ref. | ref. | ||||||||
meets the need | −0.521 | (0.493) | −0.695 | (0.468) | −2.402* | (0.827) | −2.505* | (0.697) | 0.115 | (0.123) | |||
allows saving | −0.979 | (0.652) | −1.633* | (0.579) | −4.925* | (1.408) | −5.334* | (1.293) | 0.059 | (0.151) | |||
Experience in visiting and paying | |||||||||||||
did not visit | −0.263 | (0.569) | 0.684 | (1.005) | 0.393 | (0.881) | 0.032 | (0.135) | 0.009 | (0.123) | |||
visited did not pay | −0.055 | (0.472) | 0.886 | (0.752) | 1.537* | (0.701) | −0.208** | (0.114) | −0.219* | (0.110) | |||
visited and paid | ref. | ref. | ref. | ref. | ref. | ||||||||
Level of income, UAH | 0.000 | (0.000) | 0.000 | (0.000) | 70.6*(32.2) x10-6 | 67.3*(26.2)x10-6 | |||||||
Constant term | 2.405* | (0.893) | 2.545* | (0.462) | −3.931* | (1.397) | −4.331* | (0.812) | 3.001* | (0.217) | 2.945* | (0.115) | |
Residuals' statistics | |||||||||||||
/lnsig2u | 1.968 | 2.148 | 2.630 | 2.703 | - | - | |||||||
sigma_u | 2.675 | 2.927 | 3.725 | 3.863 | 0.649 | 0.644 | |||||||
sigma_e | 0.364 | 0.361 | |||||||||||
rho | 0.685 | 0.723 | 0.808 | 0.819 | 0.761 | 0.761 | |||||||
Model fit | |||||||||||||
Number of obs | 989 | 1150 | 989 | 1133 | 499 | 513 | |||||||
Wald chi2 | 150.73 | 170.43 | 43.73 | 49 | 117.3 | 115.9 | |||||||
Ll | −449.9 | Ll | −518.8 | Ll | −260.4 | Ll | −295.5 | R2 w-in | 0.229 | R2 w-in | 0.232 | ||
AIC | 943.87 | AIC | 1049.7 | AIC | 564.8 | AIC | 612.9 | btw | 0.145 | btw | 0.119 | ||
BIC | 1051.6 | BIC | 1080 | BIC | 672.5 | BIC | 668.3 | ov-all | 0.146 | ov-all | 0.123 | ||