From: Burden of out-of-pocket expenditure for road traffic injuries in urban India
Variable | Category | Total N = 722* | Out-of-pocket medical expenditure† | Out-of-pocket total expenditure† | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Number with catastrophic expenditure | Odds ratio for catastrophic expenditure (95% CI) | Number with catastrophic expenditure | Odds ratio for catastrophic expenditure (95% CI) | |||
Type of road user‡ | Pedestrian/cyclist | 220 | 38 (17.3) | 0.6 (0.3-1.0) | 106 (48.2) | 0.9 (0.6-1.5) |
MTV | 356 | 86 (24.2) | 1.2 (0.7-2.0) | 160 (44.9) | 1.4 (0.9-2.2) | |
Others | 146 | 34 (23.3) | 1 | 67 (45.9) | 1 | |
Type of hospital | Private | 168 | 40 (23.8) | 5.2 (2.7-9.9) | 56 (33.3) | 2.0 (1.2-3.5) |
Public | 554 | 118 (21.3) | 1 | 277 (50.0) | 1 | |
Per capita annual household income quartile§ | I | 197 | 67 (34.0) | 4.6 (2.3-9.0) | 133 (67.5) | 7.3 (4.1-13.0) |
II | 192 | 39 (20.3) | 1.8 (0.9-3.6) | 98 (51.0) | 3.2 (1.8-5.4) | |
III | 153 | 25 (16.3) | 1.6 (0.8-3.2) | 59 (38.6) | 2.4 (1.4-4.1) | |
IV | 180 | 27 (15.0) | 1 | 43 (23.9) | 1 | |
In-patient days§ | <4 | 266 | 20 (7.5) | 1 | 80 (30.1) | 1 |
4 - 7 | 140 | 19 (13.6) | 2.4 (1.2-4.8) | 47 (33.6) | 1.3 (0.8-2.2) | |
> 7 | 316 | 119 (37.7) | 10.5 (5.9-19.0) | 206 (65.2) | 4.6 (3.0-6.8) | |
Injury severity§** | 1-4 | 379 | 62 (16.4) | 1 | 131 (34.6) | 1 |
>4 | 330 | 92 (27.9) | 1.2 (0.8-1.8) | 198 (60.0) | 2.1 (1.5-3.0) | |
Access to insurance§ | Yes | 153 | 16 (10.5) | 1 | 32 (20.9) | 1 |
No | 569 | 142 (25.0) | 3.8 (1.9-7.6) | 301 (52.9) | 3.3 (1.9-5.6) |