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Table 3 Results of regression, logistic or cumulative logistic analysis showing the regression coefficients (β), odds ratios (OR) and cumulative odd ratios (COR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) for health and social care costs and social care utilization

From: Factors associated with the utilization and costs of health and social services in frail elderly patients

 

Model 1

Model 2

Model 3

 

Logarithm adjusted health care costs

Social care utilization

Cost of social care

 

Continuous variable

  

Categorized into groups; yes, no

  

Categorized into groups; under 1500, 1500-6000 or over 6000 €/year

  
 

n = 732

   

n = 732

   

n = 492

   
 

Univariate

Multivariate

Univariate

Multivariate

Univariate

Multivariate

β

(Cl 95%)

β

(Cl 95%)

OR

(Cl 95%)

OR

(Cl 95%)

COR

(Cl 95%)

COR

(Cl 95%)

Patient level

            

Rehabilitation

            

  Intervention

0.09

(-0.08, 0.26)

0.09

(-0.08, 0.26)

0.86

(0.62, 1.18)

0.88

(0.62, 1.26)

1.09

(0.78, 1.52)

1.13

(0.78, 1.64)

  Control

0

 

0

 

1

 

1

 

1

 

1

 

Gender

            

  Male

-0.11

(-0.36, 0.14)

  

0.86

(0.54, 1.36)

  

1.70

(1.02, 2.82)*

1.43

(0.81, 2.55)

  Female

0

   

1

   

1

 

1

 

Age (five years)

0.02

(-0.04, 0.09)

  

1.41

(1.23, 1.60)*

1.30

(1.12, 1.51)*

1.12

(0.98, 1.28)

  

Location of residence

            

  Urban

0.20

(0.02, 0.39)*

0.08

(-0.11, 0.28)

2.02

(1.4, 2.91)*

1.45

(0.96, 2.19)

1.92

(1.29, 2.88)*

1.19

(0.75, 1.88)

  Rural

0

 

0

 

1

 

1

 

1

 

1

 

Living conditions †

            

  Home

-0.34

(-0.70, 0.01)*

-0.15

(-0.51, 0.22)

    

0.03

(0.01, 0.06)*

0.06

(0.03, 0.14)*

  Home with home help

-0.05

(-0.40, 0.30)

0.00

(-0.34, 0.35)

    

0.37

(0.19, 0.70)

0.48

(0.25, 0.95)

  Sheltered housing or residential home

0

 

0

     

1

 

1

 

Living alone

            

  Not alone

-0.26

(0.45, -0.07)*

-0.14

(-0.36, 0.07)

0.33

(0.23, 0.48)*

0.41

(0.27, 0.62)*

0.29

(0.19, 0.45)*

0.48

(0.28, 0.80)*

  Alone

0

 

0

 

1

 

1

 

1

 

1

 

Availability of informal caregiver

            

  Not available

0.18

(-0.11, 0.46)

  

1.36

(0.80, 2.29)*

1.24

(0.68, 2.27)*

1.58

(0.89, 2.81)

  

  Occasionally

0.26

(0.02, 0.50)

  

2.02

(1.26, 3.22)

2.02

(1.17, 3.46)

1.45

(0.91, 2.31)

  

  When needed shortly

0.14

(-0.07, 0.35)

  

1.95

(1.30, 2.91)

1.68

(1.06, 2.65)

1.46

(0.96, 2.21)

  

  As long as needed

    

1

 

1

 

1

   

Receiving informal help

            

  No

0.15

(-0.05, 0.36)

  

1.33

(0.89, 1.98)

  

2.03

(1.35, 3.06)*

1.79

(1.12, 2.86)*

  Yes

0

   

1

   

1

 

1

 

Home care allowance

            

  No

0.09

(-0.33, 0.51)

  

0.99

(0.45, 2.19)

  

3.62

(1.54, 8.50)*

2.80

(1.01, 7.76)*

  Yes

0

   

1

   

1

 

1

 

Self-assessed change in health during preceding year

            

  Better

-0.25

(-0.59, 0.08)*

-0.16

(-0.50, 0.18)

2.82

(1.27, 6.24)*

3.81

(1.54, 9.40)*

1.07

(0.60, 1.93)

  

  Same

-0.30

(-0.50, -0.01)

-0.13

(-0.34, 0.08)

0.93

(0.65, 1.34)

1.22

(0.79, 1.90)

1.32

(0.89, 1.95)

  

  Worse

0

 

0

 

1

 

1

 

1

   

IADL(SD)1

0.11

(0.02, 0.19)*

-0.01

(-0.04, 0.02)

1.44

(1.21, 1.72)*

1.29

(1.02, 1.64)*

1.92

(1.59, 2.31)*

1.60

(1.24, 2.06)*

GDS(SD)2

0.13

(0.04, 0.22)*

0.00

(-0.04, 0.04)

1.46

(1.22, 1.74)*

1.28

(1.04, 1.58)*

1.27

(1.06, 1.51)*

1.15

(0.93, 1.42)

MMSE(SD)3

0.03

(-0.06, 0.12)

  

0.74

(0.62, 0.88)*

0.81

(0.67, 0.98)*

0.82

(0.70, 0.97)*

0.90

(0.75, 1.08)

15D(SD)4

-0.26

(-0.34, -0.17)*

-1.90

(-2.94, 0.85)*

0.72

(0.61, 0.86)*

1.00

(0.78, 1.27)

0.84

(0.71, 1.00)*

1.19

(0.96, 1.48)

FIM(SD)5

-0.18

(-0.27, -0.09)*

-0.01

(-0.03, 0.00)

0.51

(0.41, 0.63)*

0.63

(0.48, 0.82)*

0.54

(0.44, 0.65)*

0.77

(0.61, 0.98)*

Municipality level

            

Combined health and social sectors in municipal

            

  Yes

0.07

(-0.10, 0.25)

  

1.09

(0.68, 1.76)

  

0.65

(0.42, 1.00)

  

  No

0

   

1

   

1

   
  1. *= P<0.05.
  2. † Living conditions is not included in the models of social care utilization because it is logically too close to the despondence variable.
  3. 1 Coefficient corresponding change of standard error. The higher IADL scores indicates more difficulties.
  4. 2 Coefficient corresponding change of standard error. The higher GDS scores indicates more more depressiveness.
  5. 3 Coefficient corresponding change of standard error. The higher MMSE scores indicates less demented.
  6. 4 Coefficient corresponding change of standard error. The higher 15D scores indicates better health.
  7. 5 Coefficient corresponding change of standard error. The higher FIM scores indicates highest level of independence.
  8. Costs of the utilization of health and social services.
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BMC Health Services Research

ISSN: 1472-6963

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