Table 1 Baseline characteristics and comparisons between sites
Variable | Label | LO (peer groups) (n = 38) | SO (personal plans) n = 41) | NO (community arts) (n = 42) | Total (n = 121) | Significance |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Demographics | ||||||
Age | Mean (SD) | 36.3 (10.8) | 44.2 (12.5) | 43.7 (10.7) | 41.5 (11.8) | F (2, 117) = 5.9, |
Min – Max | 18 – 61 | 24 – 64 | 19 – 65 | 18 – 65 | p = .003 | |
Gender | Female | 28 (74%) | 28 (68%) | 26 (62%) | 82 (68%) | X 2 = 1.3, df = 2, p = .529 |
Ethnic group | White-British | 24 (63%) | 41 (100%) | 36 (86%) | 101 (84%) | x 2 = 20.3, df = 6, p = .002 |
White-Other | 10 (26%) | Â | 5 (12%) | 15 (12%) | Â | |
Other | 3 (8%) | Â | 1 (2%) | 4 (3%) | Â | |
No. dependents | 0 | 27 (71%) | 36 (88%) | 27 (64%) | 90 (74%) | Kruskall Wallis |
1 | 4 (11%) | 3 (7%) | 6 (14%) | 13 (11%) | x 2 = 6.7, df = 2, p = .036 | |
2 | 3 (8%) | 1 (2%) | 4 (10%) | 8 (7%) | Â | |
3 + | 4 (11%) | 1 (2%) | 5 (12%) | 10 (8%) | Â | |
Marital status | Single | 28 (74%) | 17 (42%) | 22 (52%) | 67 (55%) | Â |
Married/co | 3 (8%) | 11 (27%) | 11 (26%) | 25 (21%) | x 2 = 9.8, df = 4, p = .044 | |
Sep/div | 7 (18%) | 13 (32%) | 9 (21%) | 29 (24%) | Â | |
Highest education | GCSE | 16 (42%) | 22 (54%) | 24 (57%) | 62 (51%) | x 2 = 6.4, df = 4, p = .172 |
Above GCSE | 22 (58%) | 19 (46%) | 16 (38%) | 57 (47%) | Â | |
Living situation | Living alone | 25 (66%) | 20 (49%) | 24 (57%) | 69 (57%) | x 2 = 2.3, df = 2, p = .312 |
Accommodation | Supported accom | 24 (63%) | 24 (59%) | 24 (57%) | 72 (60%) | x 2 = .3, df = 2, p = .851 |
Employment status | Unemployed | 27 (71%) | 20 (49%) | 31 (74%) | 78 (65%) | x 2 = 6.7, df = 2, p = .035 |
Service Use | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Psychiatric admission in previous 9 months | Yes | 9 (24%) | 21 (51%) | 12 (29%) | 42 (35%) | x 2 = 7.7, df = 2, p = .022 |
Attended A&E for psychiatric reason in previous 9 months | Yes | 17 (45%) | 2 (5%) | 2 (5%) | 21 (17%) | x 2 = 18.1, df = 2, p < .001 |
Used Crisis/Home Treatment team in previous 9 months | Yes | 8 (21%) | 7 (17%) | 8 (19%) | 23 (19%) | x 2 = .4, df = 2, p = .814 |
Psychiatric history | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Number of life-time psychiatric admissions | Never | 17 (45%) | 10 (25%) | 12 (29%) | 39 (33%) | x 2 = 0.1, df = 8, p = .173 |
|  | 1 – 2 | 8 (21%) | 11 (28%) | 8 (19%) | 27 (23%) |  |
|  | 3 – 5 | 6 (16%) | 7 (18%) | 15 (36%) | 28 (23%) |  |
|  | 6 – 10 | 5 (13%) | 9 (23%) | 3 (7%) | 17 (14%) |  |
| Â | 11+ | 2 (5%) | 3 (8%) | 4 (10%) | 9 (8%) | Â |
Time since first contact with services (years) | Mean (SD) | 13.8 (9.6) | 16.6 (13.0) | 13.6 (10.2) | 14.7 (11.0) | F (2, 117) = .9, p = .401 |
|  | Min – Max | .25 – 40 | .25 – 46 | .08 – 37 | .08 – 46 |  |
Primary Diagnosis | Personality disorder | 16 (42%) | 4 (10%) | 1 (2%) | 21 (17%) | x 2 =39.9, df = 10, p = .001 |
| Â | Schizophrenia | 1 (3%) | 12 (29%) | 7 (17%) | 20 (17%) | Â |
| Â | Bipolar | 2 (5%) | 4 (10%) | 8 (19%) | 14 (12%) | Â |
| Â | Anxiety/depression | 16 (42%) | 18 (44%) | 17 (41%) | 51 (42%) | Â |
| Â | Other | 1 (3%) | 2 (5%) | 7 (17%) | 10 (8%) | Â |
| Â | Not known | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (2%) | 1 (1%) | Â |
|  | Mean (SD) |  |  |  | 2.4 | F (2, 118) = .3, p = .749 |
Number of psychotropic medications | Min – Max | 2.2 (1.6) | 2.4 (1.6) | 2.5 (1.2) | (1.2) |  |
|  |  | 0 – 5 | 0 – 6 | 1 – 5 | 0 – 6 |  |
On typical anti-psychotics | Yes | 4 (11%) | 9 (22%) | 6 (14%) | 19 (16%) | x 2 = 2.0, df = 2, p = .360 |
On atypical anti-psychotics | Yes | 10 (26%) | 20 (49%) | 18 (43%) | 48 (40%) | x 2 = 4.4, df = 2, p = .109 |
On mood stabilisers | Yes | 2 (5%) | 6 (15%) | 5 (12%) | 13 (11%) | x 2 = 1.9, df = 2, p = .387 |
Anti-depressant | Yes | 30 (79%) | 26 (63%) | 35 (83%) | 91 (75%) | x 2 = 4.8, df = 2, p = .089 |
Depot injections | Yes | 1 (3%) | 7 (17%) | 1 (2%) | 9 (7%) | x 2 = 8.4, df = 2, p = .015 |
Medication taken as prescribed | Yes | 23 (62%) | 34 (83%) | 30 (71%) | 87 (72%) | x 2 = 9.4, df = 6, p = .153 |
| Â | Partially | 11 (29%) | 5 (12%) | 9 (21%) | 5 (21%) | Â |
| Â | No | 1 (3%) | 1 (2%) | 3 (7%) | 5 (4%) | Â |
Alcohol use | No problem | 21 (55%) | 36 (88%) | 33 (79%) | 90 (74%) | x 2 = 26.0, df = 6, p < .001 |
| Â | At risk | 9 (24%) | 2 (5%) | 9 (21%) | 20 (17%) | Â |
| Â | Harmful | 8 (21%) | 1 (2%) | 0 | 9 (7%) | Â |
Drug use | No problem | 30 (79%) | 37 (90%) | 40 (95%) | 107 (88%) | x 2 = 12.7, df = 6, p = .048 |
| Â | Receiving help | 6 (16%) | 2 (5%) | 2 (5%) | 10 (8%) | Â |
| Â | Harmful | 2 (5%) | 0 | 0 | 2 (2%) | Â |
Psychological measures | ||||||
Quality of Life | Mean (SD) | 46.7 (20.8) | 58.1 (23.6) | 61.2 (21.4) | 55.6 (22.7) | (F (2, 117) = 4.8, p = .010), |
Min – Max | 9 – 85 | 12 – 100 | 14 – 95 | 9 – 100 |  | |
Empowerment | Mean (SD) | 69.3 (8.8) | 74.6 (12.9) | 74.0 (11.3) | 72.7 (11.3) | (F (2, 117) = 2.6, p = .081) |
Min – Max | 52 – 90 | 33 – 106 | 41 – 96 | 33 – 106 |  | |
Mental Health Confidence | Mean (SD) | 3.0 (1.0) | 3.6 (1.0) | 3.5 (.9) | 3.37 (1.0) | (F (2, 117) = 5.0, p = .008), |
Min – Max | 1 – 6 | 2 – 5 | 2 – 5 | 1 – 6 |  | |
CORE wellbeing | Mean (SD) | 19.5 (3.9) | 18.2 (5.0) | 20.3 (5.4) | 19.3 (4.9) | (F (2, 118) = 1.9, p = .148) |
Min – Max | 10 – 28 | 10 – 35 | 10 – 33 | 10 – 35 |  | |
CORE problems and symptoms | Mean (SD) | 28.3 (8.1) | 16.5 (8.8) | 21.2 (9.4) | 21.8 (10.0) | (F (2, 118) = 17.9, p < .001), |
Min – Max | 7 – 38 | 2 – 33 | 3 – 38 | 2 – 38 |  | |
CORE functioning | Mean (SD) | 19.8 (3.8) | 17.8 (3.1) | 19.1 (4.4) | 18.9 (3.9) | (F (2, 118) = 2.9, p = .059) |
Min – Max | 11 – 29 | 11 – 25 | 6 – 28 | 6 – 29 |  | |
CORE risk | Mean (SD) | 14.2 (8.3) | 5.3 (7.5) | 7.3 (7.8) | 8.9 (8.7) | (F (2, 118) = 14.6, p < .001) |
Min – Max | 0 – 30 | 0 – 25 | 0 – 28 | 0 – 30 |  | |
CORE non-risk | Mean (SD) | 23.3 (4.5) | 17.1 (4.7) | 19.8 (5.3) | 20.0 (5.4) | (F (2, 118) = 16.3, p < .001) |
Min – Max | 12 – 32 | 10 – 28 | 11 – 33 | 10 – 33 |  | |
CORE clinical score | Mean (SD) | 21.7 (4.6) | 15.2 (4.7) | 17. 8 (5.3) | 18.1 (5.5) | (F (2, 118) = 18.4, p < .001) |
|  | Min – Max | 10 – 31 | 8 – 27 | 9 – 31 | 8 – 31 |  |