Health care use and costs of adverse drug events emerging from outpatient treatment in Germany: A modelling approach

Table 1 Annual resource use of the base case, resource unit costs and total costs of drug-related problems associated with the outcomes of drug therapy according to probabilities of the model and population numbers

	U.S. Data from Ernst et al. 2001 model [16]		German Data (Base Case)
Outcomes	Overall probability of therapeutic outcome*	Factor in relation to hospitalisation	Expected population developing an ADE and classification of resource utilization** (as % of population ingesting medications)	Unit cost (in 2007 €)	Total costs (million €)
No treatment	0.0207	1.912	260,873 (0.5)
Physician visit	0.0436	4.021	548,620 (1.1)	23¹	12.4
Additional treatment	0.0753	6.944	947,451 (1.9)	42²+23¹ (65³)	61.8
Emergency department	0.0166	1.531	208,887 (0.4)	437⁴	91.3
Hospital admissions	0.0108	1.000	136,447 (0.3)	3452⁵	471.0
Long-term care	0.0028	0.254	34,615 (0.07)	4890⁶	169.3
Death	0.0002	0.022	2,958 (0.006)	3452⁷	10.2
Total costs					816.0

*sum of probabilities associated with therapeutic outcomes in Figure 1 **calculated using the factor in relation to hospitalisation and the number of hospitalised persons; ¹average cost of published physician visits [20] inflated to year 2007; ²average cost of a prescribed medication in 2007 [19]³Total cost of additional treatment comprises physician visit and prescription of a new medication ⁴average cost per hospital day [18]; ⁵average cost per hospital admission for an ADE in 2007 (calculated by authors); ⁶average cost of 6 months of long-term facility care in 2007 (total service expenditures [23] divided by total beneficiaries [24]; ⁷costs of death assume hospitalisation prior to death

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