Selection effects may account for better outcomes of the German Disease Management Program for type 2 diabetes

Table 4 Factors associated with future enrolment in the DMP. Results from logistic regression analysis (n = 836)

Variable	Odds ratio	95% confidence interval	p*
Age: 60 vs. 70 years	1.12	0.91 to 1.37	0.254
Gender: men	1.09	0.71 to 1.68	0.681
Duration of diabetes: 10 years vs. 1 year	1.02	0.99 to 1.05	0.125
Co-morbidity: no depression	1.33	0.80 to 2.21	0.264
*Smoking behaviour: non-smoking*	*1.97*	*1.11 to 3.48*	*0.021*
GHb value: 7.0 vs. 8.0%	1.04	0.88 to 1.23	0.624
*Systolic BP value: 120 vs. 160 mmHg*	*1.79*	*1.15 to 2.81*	*0.012*
Oral medication**	*2.17*	*1.35 to 3.49*	*0.002*
*Blood glucose self-monitoring*	*1.69*	*1.03 to 2.76*	*0.038*
Urinary glucose self-monitoring	2.96	0.92 to 9.47	0.067
*Prescription of diabetes education program before DMP start*	*2.32*	*1.29 to 4.19*	*0.006*
*GP-rated motivation of the patients: high vs. low (3 vs. 1 on a 3-point scale)*	*4.55*	*2.21 to 9.36*	*< 0.001*
Diabetes education activity of the GP	1.23	0.71 to 2.14	0.456

* Statistically significant results (p ≤ 0.05) in italic and bold letters.
** Insulin treatment was dropped from the statistical model in favour of blood glucose self-monitoring because of high correlation between these two variables (r² > 0.5) and blood glucose self-monitoring being the better predictor for enrolment.

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