| Use of guidelines (N = 1491) | Gate-keeping (N = 1499) | Managed care network (N = 1490) | Second opinion (N = 1506) | Pay by salary (N = 1480) | Pay for performance (N = 1487) | Utilization review (N = 1500) | Selective contracting (N = 1506) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sex | p = 0.91 | p = 0.63 | p = 0.79 | p = 0.001 | P = 0.001 | p = 0.004 | p = 0.83 | p = 0.55 |
   men | 3.18 (0.80) | 2.75 (0.91) | 2.77 (0.82) | 2.70 (0.81) | 2.18 (0.93) | 1.95 (0.82) | 1.77 (0.59) | 1.57 (0.59) |
   women | 3.19 (0.81) | 2.77 (0.86) | 2.76 (0.79) | 2.56 (0.81) | 2.34 (0.93) | 1.82 (0.78) | 1.78 (0.58) | 1.55 (0.58) |
Age | p < 0.001 | p < 0.001 | p < 0.001 | p < 0.001 | p < 0.001 | p = 0.023 | p = 0.29 | p < 0.001 |
   up to 35 | 3.37 (0.65) | 3.07 (0.77) | 2.99 (0.72) | 2.53 (0.75) | 2.71 (0.87) | 2.01 (0.85) | 1.82 (0.55) | 1.71 (0.64) |
   36-50 | 3.28 (0.76) | 2.79 (0.86) | 2.80 (0.81) | 2.60 (0.78) | 2.29 (0.95) | 1.88 (0.79) | 1.76 (0.58) | 1.54 (0.56) |
   over 50 | 2.99 (0.87) | 2.57 (0.92) | 2.62 (0.82) | 2.76 (0.86) | 1.96 (0.84) | 1.86 (0.80) | 1.77 (0.61) | 1.52 (0.56) |
Practice setting | p < 0.001 | p < 0.001 | p < 0.001 | p = 0.016 | p < 0.001 | p < 0.001 | p = 0.002 | p < 0.001 |
   private practice | 3.02 (0.83) | 2.59 (0.93) | 2.59 (0.79) | 2.67 (0.85) | 1.88 (0.80) | 1.78 (0.75) | 1.74 (0.59) | 1.46 (0.50) |
   public in training | 3.38 (0.70) | 3.03 (0.78) | 2.99 (0.76) | 2.57 (0.75) | 2.73 (0.89) | 2.01 (0.84) | 1.80 (0.57) | 1.68 (0.63) |
   public senior | 3.44 (0.75) | 2.78 (0.74) | 3.03 (0.79) | 2.77 (0.80) | 2.60 (0.85) | 2.22 (0.86) | 1.91 (0.59) | 1.76 (0.71) |
Specialty | p < 0.001 | p < 0.001 | p < 0.001 | p = 0.004 | p < 0.001 | p = 0.026 | p < 0.001 | p = 0.004 |
   primary care | 3.28 (0.78) | 3.25 (0.76) | 2.98 (0.77) | 2.70 (0.80) | 2.36 (0.92) | 1.87 (0.76) | 1.72 (0.53) | 1.59 (0.56) |
   paediatricians | 3.36 (0.71) | 2.89 (0.85) | 2.75 (0.78) | 2.53 (0.81) | 2.32 (0.91) | 1.87 (0.79) | 1.71 (0.53) | 1.52 (0.58) |
   psychiatrists | 2.86 (0.83) | 2.40 (0.81) | 2.65 (0.78) | 2.77 (0.81) | 2.22 (0.90) | 1.81 (0.76) | 1.75 (0.56) | 1.46 (0.48) |
   technical specialists | 3.19 (0.81) | 2.53 (0.87) | 2.64 (0.81) | 2.59 (0.83) | 2.08 (0.94) | 2.00 (0.91) | 1.88 (0.65) | 1.62 (0.68) |
   internal medicine specialists | 3.27 (0.75) | 2.60 (0.85) | 2.71 (0.82) | 2.57 (0.80) | 2.26 (0.95) | 1.91 (0.76) | 1.75 (0.58) | 1.54 (0.51) |
Managed care network* | p = 0.49 | p < 0.001 | p < 0.001 | p = 0.015 | p = 0.002 | p = 0.39 | p = 0.19 | p = 0.42 |
   yes | 3.15 (0.71) | 3.29 (0.72) | 3.14 (0.68) | 2.79 (0.76) | 2.04 (0.83) | 1.85 (0.73) | 1.72 (0.59) | 1.53 (0.51) |
   no | 3.19 (0.81) | 2.69 (0.88) | 2.72 (0.81) | 2.63 (0.82) | 2.27 (0.94) | 1.91 (0.82) | 1.78 (0.59) | 1.57 (0.59) |